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When developing reinforcement learning agents, the standard approach is to train an agent to converge to a fixed policy that is as close to optimal as possible for a single fixed reward function. If different agent behaviour is required in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-01-29 David O'Callaghan , Patrick Mannion

Multi-Agent reinforcement learning has received lot of attention in recent years and have applications in many different areas. Existing methods involving Centralized Training and Decentralized execution, attempts to train the agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Satheesh K. Perepu , Kaushik Dey

The networked nature of multi-robot systems presents challenges in the context of multi-agent reinforcement learning. Centralized control policies do not scale with increasing numbers of robots, whereas independent control policies do not…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Eduardo Sebastian , Thai Duong , Nikolay Atanasov , Eduardo Montijano , Carlos Sagues

In the last decade, there have been significant advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) but there are still numerous challenges, such as high sample complexity and slow convergence to stable policies, that need to be overcome…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Kate Larson , Mark Crowley

The key challenge in multiagent learning is learning a best response to the behaviour of other agents, which may be non-stationary: if the other agents adapt their strategy as well, the learning target moves. Disparate streams of research…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Pablo Hernandez-Leal , Michael Kaisers , Tim Baarslag , Enrique Munoz de Cote

This paper presents the first actor-critic algorithm for off-policy reinforcement learning. Our algorithm is online and incremental, and its per-time-step complexity scales linearly with the number of learned weights. Previous work on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Thomas Degris , Martha White , Richard S. Sutton

Modern multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms hold great potential for solving a variety of real-world problems. However, they do not fully exploit cross-agent knowledge to reduce sample complexity and improve performance.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Haozhi Wang , Yinchuan Li , Qing Wang , Yunfeng Shao , Jianye Hao

Opponent modeling is necessary in multi-agent settings where secondary agents with competing goals also adapt their strategies, yet it remains challenging because strategies interact with each other and change. Most previous work focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-20 He He , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Kevin Kwok , Hal Daumé

A variety of cooperative multi-agent control problems require agents to achieve individual goals while contributing to collective success. This multi-goal multi-agent setting poses difficulties for recent algorithms, which primarily target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Jiachen Yang , Alireza Nakhaei , David Isele , Kikuo Fujimura , Hongyuan Zha

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved outstanding results in recent years, which has led a dramatic increase in the number of methods and applications. Recent works are exploring learning beyond single-agent scenarios and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Yunlong Lu , Kai Yan

Addressing complex cooperative tasks in safety-critical environments poses significant challenges for multi-agent systems, especially under conditions of partial observability. We focus on a dynamic network bridging task, where agents must…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Raffaele Galliera , Konstantinos Mitsopoulos , Niranjan Suri , Raffaele Romagnoli

This paper concerns imitation learning (IL) (i.e, the problem of learning to mimic expert behaviors from demonstrations) in cooperative multi-agent systems. The learning problem under consideration poses several challenges, characterized by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Both generative adversarial networks (GAN) in unsupervised learning and actor-critic methods in reinforcement learning (RL) have gained a reputation for being difficult to optimize. Practitioners in both fields have amassed a large number…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-19 David Pfau , Oriol Vinyals

To widen their accessibility and increase their utility, intelligent agents must be able to learn complex behaviors as specified by (non-expert) human users. Moreover, they will need to learn these behaviors within a reasonable amount of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-13 Dilip Arumugam , Jun Ki Lee , Sophie Saskin , Michael L. Littman

Multi-agent reinforcement learning in mixed-motive settings presents a fundamental challenge: agents must balance individual interests with collective goals, which are neither fully aligned nor strictly opposed. To address this, reward…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Woojun Kim , Katia Sycara

Autonomous vehicles are suited for continuous area patrolling problems. However, finding an optimal patrolling strategy can be challenging for many reasons. Firstly, patrolling environments are often complex and can include unknown…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Chenhao Tong , Aaron Harwood , Maria A. Rodriguez , Richard O. Sinnott

Centralized Training for Decentralized Execution, where agents are trained offline using centralized information but execute in a decentralized manner online, has gained popularity in the multi-agent reinforcement learning community. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Xueguang Lyu , Yuchen Xiao , Brett Daley , Christopher Amato

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning often requires decentralised policies, which severely limit the agents' ability to coordinate their behaviour. In this paper, we show that common knowledge between agents allows for complex…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm concerned with learning to control a system so as to maximize an objective over the long term. This approach to learning has received immense interest in recent times and success manifests…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Sanyam Kapoor

Bolstering multi-agent learning algorithms to tackle complex coordination and control tasks has been a long-standing challenge of on-going research. Numerous methods have been proposed to help reduce the effects of non-stationarity and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Austin Anhkhoi Nguyen