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Pulsar timing experiments are reaching sufficient sensitivity to detect a postulated stochastic gravitational wave background generated by merging supermassive black hole systems in the cores of galaxies. We describe the techniques behind…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-06-23 G. Hobbs

Pulsars can be used to search for stochastic backgrounds of gravitational waves of cosmological origin within the very low frequency band (VLF), $10^{-7}$ to $10^{-9}$ Hz. We propose to construct a special 50 m radio telescope. Regular…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Shou-Guan Wang , Zong-Hong Zhu , Zhen-Long Zou , Yuan-Zhong Zhang

Pulsar timing is a powerful tool that, by accounting for every rotation of a pulsar, precisely measures the spin frequency, spin frequency derivatives, astrometric position, binary parameters when applicable, properties of the ISM, and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-04-05 Jackson Taylor , Scott Ransom , Prajwal V. Padmanabh

Abbreviated: We investigate the potential of detecting the gravitational wave from individual binary black hole systems using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) and calculate the accuracy for determining the GW properties. This is done in a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-27 K. J. Lee , N. Wex , M. Kramer , B. W. Stappers , C. G. Bassa , G. H. Janssen , R. Karuppusamy , R. Smits

Long-term precise timing of Galactic millisecond pulsars holds great promise for measuring the long-period (months-to-years) astrophysical gravitational waves. Several gravitational-wave observational programs, called Pulsar Timing Arrays…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Rutger van Haasteren , Yuri Levin , Patrick McDonald , Tingting Lu

We provide a complete study of the factors influencing gravitational-wave signal localization using pulsar timing arrays. We derive analytical expressions for the Cram\'er-Rao sky localization precision that delineate the impact of the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-12 Stephen R. Taylor

Pulsar timing offers an independent avenue to test general relativity and alternative gravity theories. This requires an understanding of how metric polarizations beyond the familiar transverse tensor ones imprint as a stochastic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-02-08 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

We estimate the sensitivity to nano-Hertz gravitational waves of pulsar timing experiments in which two highly-stable millisecond pulsars are tracked simultaneously with two neighboring radio telescopes that are referenced to the same…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-05-23 Massimo Tinto

Pulsars, the cosmic lighthouses, are strongly self-gravitating objects with core densities significantly exceeding nuclear density. Since the discovery of the Hulse--Taylor pulsar 50 years ago, binary pulsar studies have delivered numerous…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-15 Huanchen Hu

Gravitational scattering events, in which the path of an interstellar object is deflected by a pulsar or the solar system, give rise to reflex motion which can potentially be detected using pulsar timing. We determine the form of the timing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-02-12 Ross J. Jennings , James M. Cordes , Shami Chatterjee

Terrestrial timescales show instabilities due to the physical limitations of the atomic clocks. Stricter environmental isolation and increased numbers of improved cesium clocks and cavity-tuned hydrogen masers have resulted in time scales…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Demetrios N. Matsakis , Roger S. Foster

Pulsars are rotating neutron stars which emit lighthouse-like beams. Owing to their unique properties, pulsars are a unique astrophysical tool to test general relativity, inform on matter at extreme densities, and probe galactic magnetic…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-07-24 Renaud Gueroult , Yuan Shi , Jean-Marcel Rax , Nathaniel J. Fisch

A background of nanohertz gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries could soon be detected by pulsar timing arrays, which measure the times-of-arrival of radio pulses from millisecond pulsars with very high precision. The…

Pulsar timing arrays will be a window into the gravitational wave background

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-14 Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , J. Andrew Casey-Clyde

General relativity offers a classical description to gravitation and spacetime, and is a cornerstone for modern physics. It has passed a number of empirical tests with flying colours, mostly in the weak-gravity regimes, but nowadays also in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-10-06 Lijing Shao

Gravitational-wave astronomy has developed enormously over the last decade, with the first detections and continuous development across broad frequency bands. However, the decihertz range has largely been left out of this development.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-06 Lucas M. B. Alves , Andrew G. Sullivan , Xingyu Ji , Doğa Veske , Imre Bartos , Sebastian Will , Zsuzsa Márka , Szabolcs Márka

We present here a method for the relativistic positioning in spacetime based on the reception of pulses from sources of electromagnetic signals whose worldline is known. The method is based on the use of a four-dimensional grid covering the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-09-29 Angelo Tartaglia , Matteo Luca Ruggiero , Emiliano Capolongo

Pulsars are potentially the most remarkable physical laboratories we will ever use. Although in many senses they are extremely clean systems there are a large number of instabilities and variabilities seen in the emission and rotation of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 E. F. Keane

Neutron stars emitting continuous gravitational waves may be regarded as gravitational pulsars, in the sense that it could be possible to track the evolution of their rotational period with long-baseline observations of next-generation…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-24 Marco Antonelli , Avishek Basu , Brynmor Haskell

Precision pulsar timing is integral to the detection of the nanohertz stochastic gravitational-wave background as well as understanding the physics of neutron stars. Conventional pulsar timing often uses fixed time and frequency-averaged…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-14 Rowina S. Nathan , Matthew T. Miles , Gregory Ashton , Paul D. Lasky , Eric Thrane , Daniel J. Reardon , Ryan M. Shannon , Andrew D. Cameron