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This article describes how to solve Sudoku puzzles using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). To this end, a QUBO instance with 729 variables is constructed, encoding a Sudoku grid with all constraints in place, which is then…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-11 Sascha Mücke

Constrained combinatorial optimization problems are frequently reformulated as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) models in order to leverage emerging quantum optimization algorithms such as the Variational Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Xin Wei Lee , Hoong Chuin Lau

Heterogeneous HPC workflow scheduling under multiple hard constraints poses a challenging combinatorial optimization problem. Classical exact solvers guarantee optimality but face scalability limits, motivating interest in quantum-inspired…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Aasish Kumar Sharma , Christian Boehme , Julian Kunkel

Graph embedding is a recurrent problem in quantum computing, for instance, quantum annealers need to solve a minor graph embedding in order to map a given Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem onto their internal…

Multi-objective optimization involving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems arises in various domains. A fundamental challenge in this context is the effective balancing of multiple objectives, each potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Loong Kuan Lee , Thore Gerlach , Nico Piatkowski

Quantum optimization is the most mature quantum computing technology to date, providing a promising approach towards efficiently solving complex combinatorial problems. Methods such as adiabatic quantum computing (AQC) have been employed in…

Formulation symmetry in mixed-integer programming (MIP) can hinder solver performance by inducing redundant search, but detecting such symmetries is also a significant computational challenge. This paper explores the potential for quantum…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-18 Alexander While , Chen Chen

An increasingly popular method for solving a constrained combinatorial optimisation problem is to first convert it into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation (QUBO) problem, and solve it using a standard QUBO solver. However, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Tian Huang , Siong Thye Goh , Sabrish Gopalakrishnan , Tao Luo , Qianxiao Li , Hoong Chuin Lau

A combinatorial optimization problem is to find an optimal solution under the constraints. This is one of the potential applications for quantum computers. Quantum Random Access Optimization (QRAO) is the quantum optimization algorithm that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Hiromichi Matsuyama , Wei-hao Huang , Kohji Nishimura , Yu Yamashiro

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are promising methods for solving combinatorial optimization problems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. However, benchmarking VQAs is difficult due to their stochastic behavior and the…

Quantum devices can be used to solve constrained combinatorial optimization (COPT) problems thanks to the use of penalization methods to embed the COPT problem's constraints in its objective to obtain a quadratic unconstrained binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-26 Rodolfo Quintero , David Bernal , Tamás Terlaky , Luis F. Zuluaga

Quantum Annealing (QA) and QAOA are promising quantum optimisation algorithms used for finding approximate solutions to combinatorial problems on near-term NISQ systems. Many NP-hard problems can be reformulated as Quadratic Unconstrained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Namasi G Sankar , Georgios Miliotis , Simon Caton

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems (QUBOs) are intensively discussed in the realm of quantum computing and polynomial optimization. We provide a vast experimental study of semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxations of…

This paper addresses the Quadratic Multiple Constraints Variable-Sized Bin Packing Problem (QMC-VSBPP), a challenging combinatorial optimization problem that generalizes the classical bin packing problem by incorporating multiple capacity…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Natalia A. Santos , Marlon Jeske , Antonio A. Chaves

We present a quantum feature-selection framework based on a higher-order unconstrained binary optimization (HUBO) formulation that explicitly incorporates multivariate dependencies beyond standard quadratic encodings. In contrast to…

The field of Quantum Computing has gathered significant popularity in recent years and a large number of papers have studied its effectiveness in tackling many tasks. We focus in particular on Quantum Annealing (QA), a meta-heuristic solver…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Riccardo Pellini , Maurizio Ferrari Dacrema

Graph partitioning is one of an important set of well-known compute-intense (NP-hard) graph problems that devolve to discrete constrained optimization. We sampled solutions to the problem via two different quantum-ready methods to…

This paper explores the application of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) through Quantum Annealing algorithms and Graph Neural Networks. Quantum Annealing (QA), a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Haoqi He

Quantum computing is offering a novel perspective for solving combinatorial optimization problems. To fully explore the possibilities offered by quantum computers, the problems need to be formulated as unconstrained binary models, taking…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Özlem Salehi , Adam Glos , Jarosław Adam Miszczak

As power systems expand, solving the Unit Commitment Problem (UCP) becomes increasingly challenging due to the dimensional catastrophe, and traditional methods often struggle to balance computational efficiency and solution quality. To…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-27 Jingxian Zhou , Ziqing Zhu , Linghua Zhu , Siqi Bu