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We rigorously discuss the commonly asserted failures of the AIXI reinforcement learning agent as a model of embedded agency. We attempt to formalize these failure modes and prove that they occur within the framework of universal artificial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Cole Wyeth , Marcus Hutter

Rational agents are usually built to maximize rewards. However, AGI agents can find undesirable ways of maximizing any prior reward function. Therefore value learning is crucial for safe AGI. We assume that generalized states of the world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-08-06 Alexey Potapov , Sergey Rodionov

In this paper, we propose Rogue-Gym, a simple and classic style roguelike game built for evaluating generalization in reinforcement learning (RL). Combined with the recent progress of deep neural networks, RL has successfully trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Yuji Kanagawa , Tomoyuki Kaneko

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning technique that has been successfully applied to a wide variety of problems. However, it can be unpredictable and produce suboptimal results in complicated learning environments.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Brian Mintz , Feng Fu

Advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have resulted in recent breakthroughs in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) across many different domains. An emerging landscape of development environments is making powerful RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Edward W. Staley , Corban G. Rivera , Ashley J. Llorens

Reinforcement learning (RL) problems are often phrased in terms of Markov decision processes (MDPs). In this thesis we go beyond MDPs and consider RL in environments that are non-Markovian, non-ergodic and only partially observable. Our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Jan Leike

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to its application in many areas of everyday life. In the context of control engineering, reinforcement learning (RL) represents a particularly promising approach as it is centred around the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Kevin Badalian , Lucas Koch , Tobias Brinkmann , Mario Picerno , Marius Wegener , Sung-Yong Lee , Jakob Andert

Reinforcement Learning is a mature technology, often suggested as a potential route towards Artificial General Intelligence, with the ambitious goal of replicating the wide range of abilities found in natural and artificial intelligence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Markus D. Solbach , John K. Tsotsos

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), i.e., the development of more transparent and interpretable AI models, has gained increased traction over the last few years. This is due to the fact that, in conjunction with their growth into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Erika Puiutta , Eric MSP Veith

The growing prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) in various applications underscores the need for agents that can successfully navigate and adapt to an ever-changing, open-ended world. A key challenge is ensuring these AI agents are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Mikayel Samvelyan

In general reinforcement learning, all established optimal agents, including AIXI, are model-based, explicitly maintaining and using environment models. This paper introduces Universal AI with Q-Induction (AIQI), the first model-free agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yegon Kim , Juho Lee

Deep reinforcement learning agents are notoriously sample inefficient, which considerably limits their application to real-world problems. Recently, many model-based methods have been designed to address this issue, with learning in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Vincent Micheli , Eloi Alonso , François Fleuret

With the rapid development of Large Vision Language Models, the focus of Graphical User Interface (GUI) agent tasks shifts from single-screen tasks to complex screen navigation challenges. However, real-world GUI environments, such as PC…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Xin Huang , Jia Wang , Kaijun Tan , Zhixuan Liang , Hongxin Li , Zheng Ge , Osamu Yoshie , Si Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

Reinforcement Learning agents are expected to eventually perform well. Typically, this takes the form of a guarantee about the asymptotic behavior of an algorithm given some assumptions about the environment. We present an algorithm for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Michael K. Cohen , Elliot Catt , Marcus Hutter

We present a suite of reinforcement learning environments illustrating various safety properties of intelligent agents. These problems include safe interruptibility, avoiding side effects, absent supervisor, reward gaming, safe exploration,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Jan Leike , Miljan Martic , Victoria Krakovna , Pedro A. Ortega , Tom Everitt , Andrew Lefrancq , Laurent Orseau , Shane Legg

In order perform a large variety of tasks and to achieve human-level performance in complex real-world environments, Artificial Intelligence (AI) Agents must be able to learn from their past experiences and gain both knowledge and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Andrei Claudiu Roibu

We propose an explainable reinforcement learning (XRL) framework that analyzes an agent's history of interaction with the environment to extract interestingness elements that help explain its behavior. The framework relies on data readily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Pedro Sequeira , Melinda Gervasio

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most exciting developments in Computer Science of the last decade. At the same time, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a very successful paradigm for a variety of machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Giorgio Franceschelli , Mirco Musolesi

The development of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms has been largely driven by ambitious challenge tasks and benchmarks. Games have dominated RL benchmarks because they present relevant challenges, are inexpensive to run and easy to…

In 2015, Google's DeepMind announced an advancement in creating an autonomous agent based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) that could beat a professional player in a series of 49 Atari games. However, the current manifestation of DRL is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Saeid Nahavandi , Thanh Nguyen