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The paper considers the claim that quantum theories with a deterministic dynamics of objects in ordinary space-time, such as Bohmian mechanics, contradict the assumption that the measurement settings can be freely chosen in the EPR…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-24 Michael Esfeld

Superdeterminism - where the Measurement Independence assumption in Bell's Theorem is violated - is frequently assumed to imply implausibly conspiratorial correlations between properties $\lambda$ of particles being measured and measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-09 Tim Palmer

The use of Bell's theorem in any application or experiment relies on the assumption of free choice or, more precisely, measurement independence, meaning that the measurements can be chosen freely. Here, we prove that even in the simplest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-25 Gilles Pütz , Denis Rosset , Tomer Jack Barnea , Yeong-Cherng Liang , Nicolas Gisin

Bell's inequality is derived from three assumptions: measurement independence, outcome independence, and parameter independence. Among these, measurement independence, often taken for granted, holds that hidden variables are statistically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Yuichiro Kitajima

Besides well-known conditions of locality or factorisability, deriving the Bell inequalities requires assuming that the distribution of hidden variables and Alice's and Bob's measurement settings be independent of each other. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 G. Bacciagaluppi , R. Hermens , G. Leegwater

While initial versions of Bell's theorem captured the notion of locality with the assumption of factorizability, in later presentations, Bell argued that factorizability could be derived from the more fundamental principle of local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-12 G. S. Ciepielewski , E. Okon

This paper provides a systematic analysis of Bell experiments from the relational perspective, demonstrating that the apparent ``nonlocality'' of quantum mechanics stems from a problematic application of relativistic principles rather than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Jan van Neerven , Marijn Waaijer

Bell's inequality was originally derived under the assumption that experimenters are free to select detector settings independently of any local "hidden variables" that might affect the outcomes of measurements on entangled particles. This…

Bell's theorem states that some predictions of quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by a local-realist theory. That conflict is expressed by Bell's inequality, which is usually derived under the assumption that there are no statistical…

Bell inequalities may only be derived, if hidden variables do not depend on the experimental settings. The stochastic independence of hidden and setting variables is called: freedom of choice, free will, measurement independence or no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-01 Marian Kupczynski

This work investigates the implications of relaxing the measurement independence assumption in Bell's theorem by introducing a new class of local deterministic models that account for both particle preparation and measurement settings. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 E. Aldo Arroyo

Bell's theorem is typically understood as the proof that quantum theory is incompatible with local-hidden-variable models. More generally, we can see the violation of a Bell inequality as witnessing the impossibility of explaining quantum…

One of the basic assumptions underlying Bell's theorem is the causal arrow of time, having to do with temporal order rather than spatial separation. Nonetheless, the physical assumptions regarding causality are seldom studied in this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-03 Nathan Argaman

Relying on some auxiliary assumptions, usually considered mild, Bell's theorem proves that no local theory can reproduce all the predictions of quantum mechanics. In this work, we introduce a fully local, superdeterministic model that, by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 G. S. Ciepielewski , E. Okon , D. Sudarsky

The demonstration and use of Bell-nonlocality, a concept that is fundamentally striking and is at the core of applications in device independent quantum information processing, relies heavily on the assumption of measurement independence,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-13 Gilles Pütz , Nicolas Gisin

Bell's theorem is a fundamental theorem in physics concerning the incompatibility between some correlations predicted by quantum theory and a large class of physical theories. In this paper, we introduce the hypothesis of accountability,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-27 Nicola Vona , Yeong-Cherng Liang

A 1964 paper by John Bell gave the first demonstration that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden variables. There is an ongoing and vigorous debate on whether he relied on an assumption of determinism, or instead, as he later…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Michael J. W. Hall

A Bell test can rule out local realistic models, and has potential applications in communications and information tasks. For example, a Bell inequality violation can certify the presence of intrinsic randomness in measurement outcomes,…

Superdeterminism has received recent attention as a possible path toward a locally causal explanation of the entanglement correlations that appear in experimental tests of Bell's theorem. While the term `superdeterminism' was coined by Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Mordecai Waegell

This text is an introduction to an operational outlook on Bell inequalities, which has been very fruitful in the past few years. It has lead to the recognition that Bell tests have their own place in applied quantum technologies, because…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Valerio Scarani
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