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The streaming instability is a popular candidate for planetesimal formation by concentrating dust particles to trigger gravitational collapse. However, its robustness against physical conditions expected in protoplanetary disks is unclear.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-25 Kan Chen , Min-Kai Lin

We investigate the formation process of planetesimals from the dust layer by the gravitational instability in the gas disk using local $N$-body simulations. The gas is modeled as a background laminar flow. We study the formation process of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-19 Shugo Michikoshi , Eiichiro Kokubo , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

The streaming instability is considered one of the leading candidates for the formation of planetesimals, due to its ability to overcome the bouncing and fragmentation barriers. The formation of dense dust clumps through this process,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-17 Arnaud Pierens , Thomas Collin-Dufresne , Min-Kai Lin , Emmanuel DiFolco

The discovery that axisymmetric dust rings are ubiquitous in protoplanetary disks has provoked a flurry of research on the role of pressure bumps in planet formation. High-resolution simulations by our group have shown that even a modest…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-14 Daniel Carrera , Andrew Thomas , Jacob B. Simon , Matthew A. Small , Katherine A. Kretke , Hubert Klahr

Comets and small planetesimals are believed to contain primordial building blocks in the form of millimeter to centimeter sized pebbles. One of the viable growing mechanisms to form these small bodies is through the streaming instability…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-24 Rico G. Visser , Joanna Drążkowska , Carsten Dominik

We develop a simple model to predict the radial distribution of planetesimal formation. The model is based on the observed growth of dust to mm-sized particles, which drift radially, pile-up, and form planetesimals where the stopping time…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-31 Philip J. Armitage , Josh A. Eisner , Jacob B. Simon

The current picture of terrestrial planet formation relies heavily on our understanding of the dynamical evolution of planetesimals -- asteroid-like bodies thought to be planetary building blocks. In this study we investigate the growth of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Roman R. Rafikov

Planet formation via core accretion requires the production of km-sized planetesimals from cosmic dust. This process must overcome barriers to simple collisional growth, for which the Streaming Instability (SI) is often invoked. Dust…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-01-27 Colin P. McNally , Francesco Lovascio , Sijme-Jan Paardekooper

We performed N-body simulations of a dust layer without a gas component and examined the formation process of planetesimals. We found that the formation process of planetesimals can be divided into three stages: the formation of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Shugo Michikoshi , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka , Eiichiro Kokubo , Izumi Furuya

We perform streaming instability simulations at Hill density and beyond, to demonstrate that Planetesimal formation is not completed when pebble accumulations exceed the local Hill density. We find that Hill density is not a sufficient…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-14 Hubert Klahr , Andreas Schreiber

This chapter highlights the properties of turbulence and meso-scale flow structures in protoplanetary disks and their role in the planet formation process. Here we focus on the formation of planetesimals from a gravitational collapse of a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-05 Hubert Klahr , Thomas Pfeil , Andreas Schreiber

The formation mechanism of planetesimals in protoplanetary discs is hotly debated. Currently, the favoured model involves the accumulation of meter-sized objects within a turbulent disc, followed by a phase of gravitational instability. At…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2010-03-16 Hanno Rein , Geoffroy Lesur , Zoe M. Leinhardt

The gravitational instability of a dust layer is one of the scenarios for planetesimal formation. If the density of a dust layer becomes sufficiently high as a result of the sedimentation of dust grains toward the midplane of a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Shugo Michikoshi , Eiichiro Kokubo , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

The streaming instability is a leading mechanism for concentrating solids and initiating planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks. Although numerous studies have explored its linear growth, nonlinear evolution, and implications for…

We analyze the gravitational collapse of solids subject to gas drag in a protoplanetary disk. We also study the stirring of solids by turbulent fluctuations to determine the velocity dispersion and thickness of the midplane particle layer.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrew N. Youdin

Solid particles in protoplanetary disks that are sufficiently super-solar in metallicity overcome turbulence generated by vertical shear to gravitationally condense into planetesimals. Super-solar metallicities result if solid particles…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Andrew N. Youdin , Eugene I. Chiang

Recent study suggests that the streaming instability, one of the leading mechanisms for driving the formation of planetesimals, may not be as efficient as previously thought. Under some disc conditions, the growth timescale of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-02 Zhaohuan Zhu , Chao-Chin Yang

Star-forming clumps dominate the rest-frame ultraviolet morphology of galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation. If turbulence driven fragmentation is the mechanism responsible for their formation, we expect their stellar mass function…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-07-04 Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky , Angela Adamo

Planetary embryos are built through the collisional growth of 10-100 km sized objects called planetesimals, a formerly large population of objects, of which asteroids, comets and Kuiper-Belt objects represent the leftovers from planet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-09 Brooke Polak , Hubert Klahr

We present simulations of the non-linear evolution of streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks. The two components of the disk, gas treated with grid hydrodynamics and solids treated as superparticles, are mutually coupled by drag…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-02-11 Anders Johansen , Andrew Youdin