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Existing reinforcement learning (RL) methods struggle with complex dynamical systems that demand interactions at high frequencies or irregular time intervals. Continuous-time RL (CTRL) has emerged as a promising alternative by replacing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Xuefeng Wang , Lei Zhang , Henglin Pu , Ahmed H. Qureshi , Husheng Li

When applying imitation learning techniques to fit a policy from expert demonstrations, one can take advantage of prior stability/robustness assumptions on the expert's policy and incorporate such control-theoretic prior knowledge…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-25 Aaron Havens , Bin Hu

Deep Reinforcement Learning has enabled the control of increasingly complex and high-dimensional problems. However, the need of vast amounts of data before reasonable performance is attained prevents its widespread application. We employ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Jan Scholten , Daan Wout , Carlos Celemin , Jens Kober

We consider infinite horizon dynamic programming problems, where the control at each stage consists of several distinct decisions, each one made by one of several agents. In an earlier work we introduced a policy iteration algorithm, where…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-05 Dimitri Bertsekas

Safety is a primary concern when applying reinforcement learning to real-world control tasks, especially in the presence of external disturbances. However, existing safe reinforcement learning algorithms rarely account for external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Zeyang Li , Chuxiong Hu , Shengbo Eben Li , Jia Cheng , Yunan Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in partially observable environments poses significant challenges due to the complexity of learning under uncertainty. While additional information, such as that available in simulations, can enhance training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yueheng Li , Guangming Xie , Zongqing Lu

Constructing agents with planning capabilities has long been one of the main challenges in the pursuit of artificial intelligence. Tree-based planning methods from AlphaGo to Muzero have enjoyed huge success in discrete domains, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Jiajun Fan , He Ba , Xian Guo , Jianye Hao

Classical value iteration approaches are not applicable to environments with continuous states and actions. For such environments, the states and actions are usually discretized, which leads to an exponential increase in computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Michael Lutter , Shie Mannor , Jan Peters , Dieter Fox , Animesh Garg

Solving nonlinear optimal control problems is a challenging task, particularly for high-dimensional problems. We propose algorithms for model-based policy iterations to solve nonlinear optimal control problems with convergence guarantees.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Yiming Meng , Ruikun Zhou , Amartya Mukherjee , Maxwell Fitzsimmons , Christopher Song , Jun Liu

In tabular case, when the reward and environment dynamics are known, policy evaluation can be written as $\bm{V}_{\bm{\pi}} = (I - \gamma P_{\bm{\pi}})^{-1} \bm{r}_{\bm{\pi}}$, where $P_{\bm{\pi}}$ is the state transition matrix given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Sitao Luan , Xiao-Wen Chang , Doina Precup

The development of Policy Iteration (PI) has inspired many recent algorithms for Reinforcement Learning (RL), including several policy gradient methods that gained both theoretical soundness and empirical success on a variety of tasks. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zhijie Xie , Shenghui Song

We study the policy iteration algorithm (PIA) for entropy-regularized stochastic control problems on an infinite time horizon with a large discount rate, focusing on two main scenarios. First, we analyze PIA with bounded coefficients where…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-28 Hung Vinh Tran , Zhenhua Wang , Yuming Paul Zhang

We present an accelerated algorithm for the solution of static Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations related to optimal control problems. Our scheme is based on a classic policy iteration procedure, which is known to have superlinear…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-22 Alessandro Alla , Maurizio Falcone , Dante Kalise

This paper establishes a rigorous connection between regularized discrete-time reinforcement learning (RL) and continuous-time stochastic optimal control. Specifically, classical RL algorithms are typically solving a regularized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-24 Huyên Pham , Yuming Paul Zhang , Yuhua Zhu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved strong performance in robotic control; however, state-of-the-art policy learning methods, such as actor-critic methods, still suffer from high sample complexity and often produce physically…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Namai Chandra , Liu Mohan , Zhihao Gu , Lin Wang

We study offline reinforcement learning (RL) which seeks to learn a good policy based on a fixed, pre-collected dataset. A fundamental challenge behind this task is the distributional shift due to the dataset lacking sufficient exploration,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Wenzhuo Zhou

Relational Markov Decision Processes are a useful abstraction for complex reinforcement learning problems and stochastic planning problems. Recent work developed representation schemes and algorithms for planning in such problems using the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-26 Chenggang Wang , Roni Khardon

We study reinforcement learning in settings where sampling an action from the policy must be done concurrently with the time evolution of the controlled system, such as when a robot must decide on the next action while still performing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Ted Xiao , Eric Jang , Dmitry Kalashnikov , Sergey Levine , Julian Ibarz , Karol Hausman , Alexander Herzog

Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) excels in various domains but lacks generalizability and interpretability. On the other hand, programmatic RL methods (Trivedi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2023) reformulate RL tasks as synthesizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Yu-An Lin , Chen-Tao Lee , Guan-Ting Liu , Pu-Jen Cheng , Shao-Hua Sun

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as an efficient method of choice for solving complex sequential decision making problems in automatic control, computer science, economics, and biology. In this paper we present a model-free RL…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Mohammadhosein Hasanbeig , Yiannis Kantaros , Alessandro Abate , Daniel Kroening , George J. Pappas , Insup Lee
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