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Local convergence has emerged as a fundamental tool for analyzing sparse random graph models. We introduce a new notion of local convergence, color convergence, based on the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm. Color convergence fully characterizes…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Alexander Pluska , Sagar Malhotra

This paper presents the novel `uniqueness tree' algorithm, as one possible method for determining whether two finite, undirected graphs are isomorphic. We prove that the algorithm has polynomial time complexity in the worst case, and that…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Jonathan Gorard

This work introduces a decoding strategy for binary self-dual codes possessing an automorphism of a specific type. The proposed algorithm is a hard decision iterative decoding scheme. The enclosed experiments show that the new decoding…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Radinka Yorgova

As a classical approach on graph learning, the propagation-aggregation methodology is widely exploited by many of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), wherein the representation of a node is updated by aggregating representations from itself and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Xiao Yue , Bo Liu , Feng Zhang , Guangzhi Qu

We study the refutation complexity of graph isomorphism in the tree-like resolution calculus. Tor\'an and W\"orz (TOCL 2023) showed that there is a resolution refutation of narrow width $k$ for two graphs if and only if they can be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Christoph Berkholz , Moritz Lichter , Harry Vinall-Smeeth

Robustness in complex systems is of significant engineering and economic importance. However, conventional attack-based a posteriori robustness assessments incur prohibitive computational overhead. Recently, deep learning methods, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Chengyu Tian , Wenbin Pei

The graph isomorphism problem is a main problem which has numerous applications in different fields. Thus, finding an efficient and easy to implement method to discriminate non-isomorphic graphs is valuable. In this paper, a new method is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-11-08 Ameneh Farhadian

Given a graph $G$, the graph $[G]$ obtained by adding, for each pair of vertices of $G$, a unique vertex adjacent to both vertices is called the binding graph of $G$. In this work, we show that the class of binding graphs is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-27 Rui Xue

We prove that the number of iterations taken by the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm for configurations coming from Schreier graphs is closely linked to the diameter of the graphs themselves: an upper bound is found for general Schreier graphs,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-19 Daniele Dona

Graph neural networks have become the de facto model for learning from structured data. However, the decision-making process of GNNs remains opaque to the end user, which undermines their use in safety-critical applications. Several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Michele Fontanesi , Alessio Micheli , Marco Podda , Domenico Tortorella

Despite the remarkable success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), the common belief is that their representation power is limited and that they are at most as expressive as the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) algorithm. In this paper, we argue the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Charilaos I. Kanatsoulis , Alejandro Ribeiro

We give an algorithmic and lower-bound framework that facilitates the construction of subexponential algorithms and matching conditional complexity bounds. It can be applied to intersection graphs of similarly-sized fat objects, yielding…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Mark de Berg , Hans L. Bodlaender , Sándor Kisfaludi-Bak , Dániel Marx , Tom C. van der Zanden

We propose an efficient $\epsilon$-differentially private algorithm, that given a simple {\em weighted} $n$-vertex, $m$-edge graph $G$ with a \emph{maximum unweighted} degree $\Delta(G) \leq n-1$, outputs a synthetic graph which…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Jingcheng Liu , Jalaj Upadhyay , Zongrui Zou

We resolve a number of long-standing open problems in online graph coloring. More specifically, we develop tight lower bounds on the performance of online algorithms for fundamental graph classes. An important contribution is that our…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Susanne Albers , Sebastian Schraink

The graph isomorphism (GI) problem, which asks whether two graphs are structurally identical, occupies a unique position in computational complexity -- it is neither known to be solvable in polynomial time, nor proven to be NP-complete. We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-21 Wenjie Xiao , Mathieu Besançon , Patrick Gelß , Deborah Hendrych , Stefan Klus , Sebastian Pokutta

The fastest algorithms for edge coloring run in time $2^m n^{O(1)}$, where $m$ and $n$ are the number of edges and vertices of the input graph, respectively. For dense graphs, this bound becomes $2^{\Theta(n^2)}$. This is a somewhat unique…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Łukasz Kowalik , Arkadiusz Socała

This paper presents a new graph isomorphism invariant, called $\mathfrak{w}$-labeling, that can be used to design a polynomial-time algorithm for solving the graph isomorphism problem for various graph classes. For example, all…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Alpár Jüttner , Péter Madarasi

In this paper, we show the existence of a polynomial time graph isomorphism algorithm for all graphs excluding graphs that are locally trianglefree. This particular class of graphs allows to divide the graph into neighbourhood sub-graph…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-02 Fahad Bin Mortuza

In the past decades for more and more graph classes the Graph Isomorphism Problem was shown to be solvable in polynomial time. An interesting family of graph classes arises from intersection graphs of geometric objects. In this work we show…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-23 Daniel Neuen

It is well-known that the graph isomorphism problem can be posed as an equivalent problem of determining whether an auxiliary graph structure contains a clique of specific order. However, the algorithms that have been developed so far for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Giannis Nikolentzos , Michalis Vazirgiannis