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We contribute to the theoretical understanding of randomized search heuristics for dynamic problems. We consider the classical vertex coloring problem on graphs and investigate the dynamic setting where edges are added to the current graph.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Jakob Bossek , Frank Neumann , Pan Peng , Dirk Sudholt

Counting the independent sets of a graph is a classical #P-complete problem, even in the bipartite case. We give an exponential-time approximation scheme for this problem which is faster than the best known algorithm for the exact problem.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Leslie Ann Goldberg , John Lapinskas , David Richerby

Given a family $\mathcal{F}$ of graphs, a graph is \emph{$\mathcal{F}$-subgraph-free} if it has no subgraph isomorphic to a member of $\mathcal{F}$. We present a fixed-parameter linear-time algorithm that decides whether a planar graph can…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Shinwoo An , Seonghyuk Im , Seokbeom Kim , Myounghwan Lee

Given a pair of graphs $\textbf{A}$ and $\textbf{B}$, the problems of deciding whether there exists either a homomorphism or an isomorphism from $\textbf{A}$ to $\textbf{B}$ have received a lot of attention. While graph homomorphism is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Silvia Butti , Victor Dalmau

The family of Weisfeiler-Leman equivalences on graphs is a widely studied approximation of graph isomorphism with many different characterizations. We study these, and other approximations of isomorphism defined in terms of refinement…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-21 Anuj Dawar , Danny Vagnozzi

The maximum common subtree isomorphism problem asks for the largest possible isomorphism between subtrees of two given input trees. This problem is a natural restriction of the maximum common subgraph problem, which is ${\sf NP}$-hard in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-08-23 Andre Droschinsky , Nils M. Kriege , Petra Mutzel

The state-of-the-art solvers for the graph isomorphism problem can readily solve generic instances with tens of thousands of vertices. Indeed, experiments show that on inputs without particular combinatorial structure the algorithms scale…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-05-11 Daniel Neuen , Pascal Schweitzer

Graphs with a simple spectrum admit cubic-time isomorphism testing, yet we prove that for every natural number $k$, the $k$-Weisfeiler-Leman ($k$-WL) test cannot distinguish all non-isomorphic graphs with a simple spectrum. As the WL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Snir Hordan , Nadav Dym , Tim Seppelt

We give a new fpt algorithm testing isomorphism of $n$-vertex graphs of tree width $k$ in time $2^{k\operatorname{polylog} (k)}\operatorname{poly} (n)$, improving the fpt algorithm due to Lokshtanov, Pilipczuk, Pilipczuk, and Saurabh (FOCS…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Martin Grohe , Daniel Neuen , Pascal Schweitzer , Daniel Wiebking

Graphs with high symmetry or regularity are the main source for experimentally hard instances of the notoriously difficult graph isomorphism problem. In this paper, we study the computational complexity of isomorphism testing for line…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Michael Huber

We study differentially private algorithms for analyzing graphs in the challenging setting of continual release with fully dynamic updates, where edges are inserted and deleted over time, and the algorithm is required to update the solution…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Sofya Raskhodnikova , Teresa Anna Steiner

The criteria for determining graph isomorphism are crucial for solving graph isomorphism problems. The necessary condition is that two isomorphic graphs possess invariants, but their function can only be used to filtrate and subdivide…

Graphics · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chuanfu Hu , Aimin Hou

We initiate a systematic study of algorithms that are both differentially private and run in sublinear time for several problems in which the goal is to estimate natural graph parameters. Our main result is a differentially-private…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Jeremiah Blocki , Elena Grigorescu , Tamalika Mukherjee

We give a $O^*(k^{O(k)})$ time isomorphism testing algorithm for graphs of eigenvalue multiplicity bounded by $k$ which improves on the previous best running time bound of $O^*(2^{O(k^2/\log k)})$.

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-08-18 Vikraman Arvind , Gaurav Rattan

The $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman procedure ($k$-WL), which colors $k$-tuples of vertices in rounds based on the neighborhood structure in the graph, has proven to be immensely fruitful in the algorithmic study of Graph Isomorphism. More…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-06-08 V. Arvind , Frank Fuhlbrück , Johannes Köbler , Oleg Verbitsky

Determining whether two graphs are structurally identical is a fundamental problem with applications spanning mathematics, computer science, chemistry, and network science. Despite decades of study, graph isomorphism remains a challenging…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Sara Najem , Amer E. Mouawad

Graph neural networks are designed to learn functions on graphs. Typically, the relevant target functions are invariant with respect to actions by permutations. Therefore the design of some graph neural network architectures has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-03 Ningyuan Huang , Soledad Villar

The current landscape of balanced graph partitioning is divided into high-quality but expensive multilevel algorithms and cheaper approaches with linear running time, such as single-level algorithms and streaming algorithms. We demonstrate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Lars Gottesbüren , Nikolai Maas , Dominik Rosch , Peter Sanders , Daniel Seemaier

We describe a method for generating graphs that provide difficult examples for practical Graph Isomorphism testers. We first give the theoretical construction, showing that we can have a family of graphs without any non-trivial…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Anuj Dawar , Kashif Khan

We consider the subgraph isomorphism problem where, given two graphs G (source graph) and F (pattern graph), one is to decide whether there is a (not necessarily induced) subgraph of G isomorphic to F. While many practical heuristic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Josef Malík , Ondřej Suchý , Tomáš Valla