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Of indisputable relevance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, fluctuations theorems have been generalized to the framework of quantum thermodynamics, with the notion of work playing a key role in such contexts. The typical approach consists…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-28 Thales Augusto Barbosa Pinto Silva , Renato Moreira Angelo

As the dimensions of physical systems approach the nanoscale, the laws of thermodynamics must be reconsidered due to the increased importance of fluctuations and quantum effects. While the statistical mechanics of small classical systems is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-11 S. Gasparinetti , P. Solinas , A. Braggio , M. Sassetti

We study the statistics of heat exchange of a quantum system that collides sequentially with an arbitrary number of ancillas. This can describe, for instance, an accelerated particle going through a bubble chamber. Unlike other approaches…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-26 Jader P. Santos , André M. Timpanaro , Gabriel T. Landi

In the last ten years, a number of ``Conventional Fluctuation Theorems'' have been derived for systems with deterministic or stochastic dynamics, in a transient or in a non-equilibrium stationary state. These theorems gave explicit…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 R. van Zon , E. G. D. Cohen

Fluctuation theorems are a class of equalities that express universal properties of the probability distribution of a fluctuating path functional such as heat, work or entropy production over an ensemble of trajectories during a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-05-09 Lee Jinwoo

We consider heat fluctuations and fluctuation theorems for systems driven by multiple reservoirs. We establish a fundamental symmetry obeyed by the joint probability distribution for the heat transfers and system coordinates. The symmetry…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-10-03 Hans C. Fogedby , Alberto Imparato

Fluctuation theorems are fundamental extensions of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems. Their general validity arbitrarily far from equilibrium makes them invaluable in nonequilibrium physics. So far, experimental studies of…

We extend the Exchange Fluctuation Theorem for energy exchange between thermal quantum systems beyond the assumption of molecular chaos, and describe the non-equilibrium exchange dynamics of correlated quantum states. The relation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-14 Sania Jevtic , David Jennings , Terry Rudolph , Yuji Hirono , Shojun Nakayama , Mio Murao

A fluctuation relation for the heat exchange of an open quantum system under a thermalizing Markovian dynamics is derived. We show that the probability of that the system absorbs an amount of heat from its bath, at a given time interval,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-09 Mehdi Ramezani , Mehdi Golshani , Ali T. Rezakhani

Near term quantum hardware promises unprecedented computational advantage. Crucial in its development is the characterization and minimization of computational errors. We propose the use of the quantum fluctuation theorem to benchmark the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-13 Bartłomiej Gardas , Sebastian Deffner

The theory of quantum thermodynamics investigates how the concepts of heat, work, and temperature can be carried over to the quantum realm, where fluctuations and randomness are fundamentally unavoidable. These lecture notes provide an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Patrick P. Potts

We study quantum heat exchange in a multi-state impurity coupled to two thermal reservoirs. Allowing for strong system-bath interactions, we show that a steady-state heat exchange fluctuation theorem holds, though the dynamical processes…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-28 L. Nicolin , D. Segal

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is a fundamental result in statistical physics that establishes a connection between the response of a system subject to a perturbation and the fluctuations associated with observables in equilibrium.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-03 Tanmoy Biswas , A. de Oliveira Junior , Michał Horodecki , Kamil Korzekwa

We investigate the statistics of heat exchange between a finite system coupled to reservoir(s). We have obtained analytical results for heat fluctuation theorem in the transient regime considering the Hamiltonian dynamics of the composite…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-04-19 P. S. Pal , Sourabh Lahiri , A. M. Jayannavar

We study nonequilibrium thermodynamics of complex information flows induced by interactions between multiple fluctuating systems. Characterizing nonequilibrium dynamics by causal networks (i.e., Bayesian networks), we obtain novel…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-11-07 Sosuke Ito , Takahiro Sagawa

The statistics of the heat exchanged between two quantum XX spin chains prepared at different temperatures is studied within the assumption of weak coupling. This provides simple formulas for the average heat and its corresponding…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-03-23 Gabriel T. Landi , Dragi Karevski

For thermostatted dissipative systems the Fluctuation Theorem gives an analytical expression for the ratio of probabilities that the time averaged entropy production in a finite system observed for a finite time, takes on a specified value…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Denis J. Evans , Debra J. Searles , Emil Mittag

Fluctuation theorems provide universal constraints on nonequilibrium energy and entropy fluctuations, making them a natural framework to assess how and to what extent quantum resources become thermodynamically relevant. We develop a unified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-19 Sukrut Mondkar , Sayan Mondal , Ujjwal Sen

This article traces the development of fluctuation theory and its deep connection to irreversibility, from equilibrium to near-equilibrium, and finally to far-from-equilibrium systems. Classical fluctuation theorems, which capture the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Sounak Bandyopadhyay , Arnab Ghosh

In this review paper, we discuss the statistical description in non-equilibrium regimes of energy fluctuations originated by the interaction between a quantum system and a measurement apparatus applying a sequence of repeated quantum…