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Shor's algorithm outperforms its classical counterpart in efficient prime factorization. We explore the coherence and entanglement dynamics of the evolved states within Shor's algorithm, showing that the coherence in each step relies on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Linlin Ye , Zhaoqi Wu , Shao-Ming Fei

Shor's algorithm, which given appropriate hardware can factorise an integer $N$ in a time polynomial in its binary length $L$, has arguable spurred the race to build a practical quantum computer. Several different quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Austin G. Fowler , Simon J. Devitt , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

In recent years, advancements in quantum chip technology, such as Willow, have contributed to reducing quantum computation error rates, potentially accelerating the practical adoption of quantum computing. As a result, the design of quantum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Abel C. H. Chen

We report on the current state of factoring integers on both digital and analog quantum computers. For digital quantum computers, we study the effect of errors for which one can formally prove that Shor's factoring algorithm fails. For…

This paper presents a computer program, written in Maple, that allows a user to simulate certain aspects of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm on a desktop or laptop computer. The program does not simulate the unitary operations carried out…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. F. Schneiderman , M. E. Stanley , P. K. Aravind

The intermediate quantum states of multiple qubits, generated during the operation of Shor's factoring algorithm are analyzed. Their entanglement is evaluated using the Groverian measure. It is found that the entanglement is generated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Yishai Shimoni , Daniel Shapira , Ofer Biham

The RSA cryptosystem could be easily broken with large scale general purpose quantum computers running Shor's factorization algorithm. Being such devices still in their infancy, a quantum annealing approach to integer factorization has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-06 Riccardo Mengoni , Daniele Ottaviani , Paolino Iorio

Shor's factoring algorithm (SFA), by its ability to efficiently factor large numbers, has the potential to undermine contemporary encryption. At its heart is a process called order finding, which quantum mechanics lets us perform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-03 Frédéric Grosshans , Thomas Lawson , François Morain , Benjamin Smith

Factoring large integers using a quantum computer is an outstanding research problem that can illustrate true quantum advantage over classical computers. Exponential time order is required in order to find the prime factors of an integer by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-13 Avinash Dash , Deepankar Sarmah , Bikash K. Behera , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Post Quantum and Quantum Cryptography schemes are feasible quantum computer applications for 7G networks. These schemes could possibly replace existing schemes. These algorithms have been compromised by advances in quantum search algorithms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Savo Glisic

Properties of Shor's algorithm and the related period-finding algorithm could serve as benchmarks for the operation of a quantum computer. Distinctive universal behaviour is expected for the probability for success of the period-finding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 E. D. Davis

For any quantum algorithm operating on pure states we prove that the presence of multi-partite entanglement, with a number of parties that increases unboundedly with input size, is necessary if the quantum algorithm is to offer an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Richard Jozsa , Noah Linden

We report an experimental demonstration of a complied version of Shor's algorithm using four photonic qubits. We choose the simplest instance of this algorithm, that is, factorization of N=15 in the case that the period $r=2$ and exploit a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-16 Chao-Yang Lu , Daniel E. Browne , Tao Yang , Jian-Wei Pan

We investigate macroscopic entanglement of quantum states in quantum computers, where we say a quantum state is entangled macroscopically if the state has superposition of macroscopically distinct states. The index $p$ of the macroscopic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Akihisa Ukena , Akira Shimizu

We formulate and numerically simulate the single control qubit Shor algorithm for the case of static imperfections induced by residual couplings between qubits. This allows us to study the accuracy of Shor's algorithm with respect to these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-15 Ignacio Garcia-Mata , Klaus M. Frahm , Dima L. Shepelyansky

We consider how to optimize memory use and computation time in operating a quantum computer. In particular, we estimate the number of memory qubits and the number of operations required to perform factorization, using the algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-19 David Beckman , Amalavoyal N. Chari , Srikrishna Devabhaktuni , John Preskill

We try to minimize the number of qubits needed to factor an integer of n bits using Shor's algorithm on a quantum computer. We introduce a circuit which uses 2n+3 qubits and O(n^3 lg(n)) elementary quantum gates in a depth of O(n^3) to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Stephane Beauregard

Shor's factoring algorithm is one of the most anticipated applications of quantum computing. However, the limited capabilities of today's quantum computers only permit a study of Shor's algorithm for very small numbers. Here we show how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Dennis Willsch , Madita Willsch , Fengping Jin , Hans De Raedt , Kristel Michielsen

We propose two algorithms to factor numbers using Gauss sums and entanglement: (i) in a Shor-like algorithm we encode the standard Gauss sum in one of two entangled states and (ii) in an interference algorithm we create a superposition of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-25 S. Wölk , W. P. Schleich

Shor's algorithm can find prime factors of a large number more efficiently than any known classical algorithm. Understanding the properties that gives the speedup is essential for a general and scalable construction. Here we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-13 Niklas Johansson , Jan-Åke Larsson