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In spoken Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems, the choice of the semantic representation describing the users' requests is key to a smooth interaction. Indeed, the system uses this representation to reason over a database and its domain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Lucas Druart , Valentin Vielzeuf , Yannick Estève

Aggregating multiple annotations into a single ground truth label may hide valuable insights into annotator disagreement, particularly in tasks where subjectivity plays a crucial role. In this work, we explore methods for identifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Amir Homayounirad , Enrico Liscio , Tong Wang , Catholijn M. Jonker , Luciano C. Siebert

We tackle the prediction of instructor intervention in student posts from discussion forums in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Our key finding is that using automatically obtained discourse relations improves the prediction of when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-12-06 Muthu Kumar Chandrasekaran , Carrie Demmans Epp , Min-Yen Kan , Diane Litman

In this work, we propose to use linguistic annotations as a basis for a \textit{Discourse-Aware Semantic Self-Attention} encoder that we employ for reading comprehension on long narrative texts. We extract relations between discourse units,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Todor Mihaylov , Anette Frank

Measuring the similarity between two different sentential arguments is an important task in argument mining. However, one of the challenges in this field is that the dataset must be annotated using expertise in a variety of topics, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-22 ChaeHun Park , Sangwoo Seo

This paper discusses the challenges that arise when large speech corpora receive an ever-broadening range of diverse and distinct annotations. Two case studies of this process are presented: the Switchboard Corpus of telephone conversations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 David Graff , Steven Bird

In NLP annotation, it is common to have multiple annotators label the text and then obtain the ground truth labels based on the agreement of major annotators. However, annotators are individuals with different backgrounds, and minors'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Ruyuan Wan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Implicit discourse relation classification is one of the most challenging and important tasks in discourse parsing, due to the lack of connective as strong linguistic cues. A principle bottleneck to further improvement is the shortage of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Wei Shi , Frances Yung , Vera Demberg

Semantic similarity between two sentences depends on the aspects considered between those sentences. To study this phenomenon, Deshpande et al. (2023) proposed the Conditional Semantic Textual Similarity (C-STS) task and annotated a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gaifan Zhang , Yi Zhou , Danushka Bollegala

Predicting the structure of a discourse is challenging because relations between discourse segments are often implicit and thus hard to distinguish computationally. I extend previous work to classify implicit discourse relations by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-27 Michael Roth

The lack of contextual information in text data can make the annotation process of text-based emotion classification datasets challenging. As a result, such datasets often contain labels that fail to consider all the relevant emotions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Daniel Yang , Aditya Kommineni , Mohammad Alshehri , Nilamadhab Mohanty , Vedant Modi , Jonathan Gratch , Shrikanth Narayanan

A critical step in sharing semantic content online is to map the structural data source to a public domain ontology. This problem is denoted as the Relational-To-Ontology Mapping Problem (Rel2Onto). A huge effort and expertise are required…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Jiakang Xu , Wolfgang Mayer , HongYu Zhang , Keqing He , Zaiwen Feng

Large sense-annotated datasets are increasingly necessary for training deep supervised systems in Word Sense Disambiguation. However, gathering high-quality sense-annotated data for as many instances as possible is a laborious and expensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Tommaso Pasini , Jose Camacho-Collados

Due to its great importance in deep natural language understanding and various down-stream applications, text-level parsing of discourse rhetorical structure (DRS) has been drawing more and more attention in recent years. However, all the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Longyin Zhang , Yuqing Xing , Fang Kong , Peifeng Li , Guodong Zhou

The labelling of speech corpora is a laborious and time-consuming process. The ProsoBeast Annotation Tool seeks to ease and accelerate this process by providing an interactive 2D representation of the prosodic landscape of the data, in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-16 Branislav Gerazov , Michael Wagner

In this article, we explore the potential of using sentence-level discourse structure for machine translation evaluation. We first design discourse-aware similarity measures, which use all-subtree kernels to compare discourse parse trees in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-05 Shafiq Joty , Francisco Guzmán , Lluís Màrquez , Preslav Nakov

Discourse parsing is an essential upstream task in Natural Language Processing with strong implications for many real-world applications. Despite its widely recognized role, most recent discourse parsers (and consequently downstream tasks)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Patrick Huber , Giuseppe Carenini

Humans often hold different perspectives on the same issues. In many NLP tasks, annotation disagreement can reflect valid subjective perspectives. Modeling annotator perspectives and understanding their relationship with other human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Leixin Zhang , Cagri Coltekin

The usefulness of annotated corpora is greatly increased if there is an associated tool that can allow various kinds of operations to be performed in a simple way. Different kinds of annotation frameworks and many query languages for them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2011-08-10 Anil Kumar Singh

Annotation pipelines in Natural Language Processing (NLP) commonly assume a single latent ground truth per instance and resolve disagreement through label aggregation. Perspectivist approaches challenge this view by treating disagreement as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Olga Kellert , Sriya Kondury , Candice Koo , Nemika Tyagi , Steffen Eikenberry