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The $k$-SUM problem is given $n$ input real numbers to determine whether any $k$ of them sum to zero. The problem is of tremendous importance in the emerging field of complexity theory within $P$, and it is in particular open whether it…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-02-19 Jean Cardinal , John Iacono , Aurélien Ooms

We introduce forest straight-line programs (FSLPs) as a compressed representation of unranked ordered node-labelled trees. FSLPs are based on the operations of forest algebra and generalize tree straight-line programs. We compare the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-02-16 Adrià Gascón , Markus Lohrey , Sebastian Maneth , Carl Philipp Reh , Kurt Sieber

Updating and querying on a range is a classical algorithmic problem with a multitude of applications. The Segment Tree data structure is particularly notable in handling the range query and update operations. A Segment Tree divides the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Nabil Ibtehaz , M. Kaykobad , M. Sohel Rahman

We consider the numerical taxonomy problem of fitting a positive distance function ${D:{S\choose 2}\rightarrow \mathbb R_{>0}}$ by a tree metric. We want a tree $T$ with positive edge weights and including $S$ among the vertices so that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Vincent Cohen-Addad , Debarati Das , Evangelos Kipouridis , Nikos Parotsidis , Mikkel Thorup

We show how to construct a dynamic ordered dictionary, supporting insert/delete/rank/select on a set of $n$ elements from a universe of size $U$, that achieves the optimal amortized expected time complexity of $O(1 + \log n / \log \log U)$,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-23 William Kuszmaul , Jingxun Liang , Renfei Zhou

Full binary trees naturally represent commutative non-associative products. There are many important examples of these products: finite-precision floating-point addition and NAND gates, among others. Balance in such a tree is highly…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Laura Monroe

The Tree Evaluation Problem ($\mathsf{TreeEval}$) is a computational problem originally proposed as a candidate to prove a separation between complexity classes $\mathsf{P}$ and $\mathsf{L}$. Recently, this problem has gained significant…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Vahid R. Asadi , Richard Cleve

Equilibrium logic is an approach to nonmonotonic reasoning that extends the stable-model and answer-set semantics for logic programs. In particular, it includes the general case of nested logic programs, where arbitrary Boolean combinations…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2009-12-30 David Pearce , Hans Tompits , Stefan Woltran

The grammar representation of a narrowing tree for a syntactically deterministic conditional term rewriting system and a pair of terms is a regular tree grammar that generates expressions for substitutions obtained by all possible…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-02-25 Naoki Nishida , Yuya Maeda

A breakthrough result of Cygan et al. (FOCS 2011) showed that connectivity problems parameterized by treewidth can be solved much faster than the previously best known time $\mathcal{O}^*(2^{\mathcal{O}(tw \log(tw))})$. Using their inspired…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Falko Hegerfeld , Stefan Kratsch

We prove that given a discrete space with $n$ points which is either embedded in a system of $k$ trees, or the Cartesian product of $k$ trees, we can compute all eccentricities in ${\cal O}(2^{{\cal O}(k\log{k})}(N+n)^{1+o(1)})$ time, where…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Guillaume Ducoffe

A combination of program algebra with the theory of meadows is designed leading to a theory of computation in algebraic structures which use in addition to a zero test and copying instructions the instruction set $\{x \Leftarrow 0, x…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2009-05-29 Jan A. Bergstra , Inge Bethke

Automating the translation of Operations Research (OR) problems from natural language to executable models is a critical challenge. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in linear tasks, they suffer from severe performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhijing Hu , Yufan Deng , Haoyang Liu , Changjun Fan

Tree kernels have been proposed to be used in many areas as the automatic learning of natural language applications. In this paper, we propose a new linear time algorithm based on the concept of weighted tree automata for SubTree kernel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Ludovic Mignot , Faissal Ouardi , Djelloul Ziadi

We consider building, given a straight-line program (SLP) consisting of $g$ productions deriving a two-dimensional string $T$ of size $N\times N$, a structure capable of providing random access to any character of $T$. For one-dimensional…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Itai Boneh , Estéban Gabory , Paweł Gawrychowski , Adam Górkiewicz

Background. The supertree problem, i.e., the task of finding a common refinement of a set of rooted trees is an important topic in mathematical phylogenetics. The special case of a common leaf set $L$ is known to be solvable in linear time.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-27 David Schaller , Marc Hellmuth , Peter F. Stadler

We present a deterministic algorithm for solving a wide range of dynamic programming problems in trees in $O(\log D)$ rounds in the massively parallel computation model (MPC), with $O(n^\delta)$ words of local memory per machine, for any…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Chetan Gupta , Rustam Latypov , Yannic Maus , Shreyas Pai , Simo Särkkä , Jan Studený , Jukka Suomela , Jara Uitto , Hossein Vahidi

Tree embedding has been a fundamental method in algorithm design with wide applications. We focus on the efficiency of building tree embedding in various computational settings under high-dimensional Euclidean $\mathbb{R}^d$. We devise a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Gramoz Goranci , Shaofeng H. -C. Jiang , Peter Kiss , Qihao Kong , Yi Qian , Eva Szilagyi

We give new algorithms for tree evaluation (S. Cook et al. TOCT 2012) in the catalytic-computing model (Buhrman et al. STOC 2014). Two existing approaches aim to solve tree evaluation in low space: on the one hand, J. Cook and Mertz (STOC…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Alexandra Henzinger , Edward Pyne , Seyoon Ragavan

Linear tree constraints were introduced by Hofmann and Rodriguez in the context of amortized resource analysis for object oriented programs. More precisely, they gave a reduction from inference of resource types to constraint solving. Thus,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Sabine Bauer , Martin Hofmann