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In this paper, we investigate the construction of a transmit signal for a base station with a massive number of antenna arrays under the cost-effective 1-bit digital-to-analog converters. Due to the coarse nonlinear property, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Sungyeal Park , Yunseong Cho , Songnam Hong

In this article, deep learning is applied to estimate the uplink channels for mixed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, where a portion of antennas are equipped with high-resolution…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Shen Gao , Peihao Dong , Zhiwen Pan , Geoffrey Ye Li

It is known that the estimated energy consumption of digital-to analog converters (DACs) is around 30\% of the energy consumed by analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) keeping fixed the sampling rate and bit resolution. Assuming that…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-26 S. B. Pinto , R. C. de Lamare

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) play a critical role in digital signal acquisition across various applications, but their performance is inherently constrained by sampling rates and bit budgets. This bit budget imposes a trade-off…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Vaclav Pavlicek , Ayush Bhandari

Low-resolution quantization is essential to reduce implementation cost and power consumption in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems for 5G and 6G. While most existing studies assume perfect channel state information (CSI),…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Reza Mohammadkhani , Azad Azizzadeh , Seyed Vahab Al-Din Makki , John Thompson , Maziar Nekovee

In this paper, we derive a closed-form expression for the combiner of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) receiver equipped with a minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) estimator. We propose using variable-bit-resolution analog-to- digital…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-04-27 I. Zakir Ahmed , Hamid Sadjadpour , Shahram Yousefi

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is a promising enabler for millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless communications, as it can potentially provide spectral efficiency comparable to the conventional massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xuemeng Zhou , Zhiyu Yang , Tianyi Zhang , Yi Jiang

In Massive MIMO base stations (BSs), the hardware design needs to balance high spectral efficiency (SE) with low complexity. The level of hardware impairments (HWIs) indicates how strong the signal distortion introduced by hardware…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Daniel Verenzuela , Emil Björnson , Michail Matthaiou

In this contribution, we investigate a coarsely quantized Multi-User (MU)-Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) downlink communication system, where we assume 1-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) at the Base Station (BS) antennas. First,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Oliver De Candido , Hela Jedda , Amine Mezghani , A. Lee Swindlehurst , Josef A. Nossek

Future wireless communications systems are expected to operate at bands above 100GHz. The high energy consumption of analog-to-digital converters, due to their high resolution represents a bottleneck for future wireless communications…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-25 D. Melo , L. Landau , R. de Lamare

In massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, it may not be power efficient to have a high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for each antenna element. In this paper, a near maximum likelihood (nML) detector for uplink…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-12 Junil Choi , Jianhua Mo , Robert W. Heath

This paper develops a new deep neural network optimized equalization framework for massive multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMOOFDM) systems that employ low-resolution analog-to-digital converters…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-26 Lei Chu , Ling Pei , Husheng Li , Robert Caiming Qiu

Analog to digital converters (ADCs) are a major contributor to the power consumption of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receivers in large bandwidth millimeter-wave systems. Prior works have considered two mitigating solutions to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Marian Temprana Alonso , Xuyang Liu , Hamidreza Aghasi , Farhad Shirani

This letter investigates the uplink of a multi-user millimeter wave (mmWave) system, where the base station (BS) is equipped with a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array and resolution-adaptive analog-to-digital converters…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Hualian Sheng , Xihan Chen , Xiongfei Zhai , An Liu , Min-Jian Zhao

This paper is concerned with channel estimation in MIMO systems with few-bit ADCs. In these systems, a linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) channel estimator obtained in closed-form is not an optimal solution. We first consider a deep…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Duy H. N. Nguyen

Future wireless communications will rely on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) beamforming operating at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands to deliver high data rates. To support flexible spatial processing and meet the demands of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Faruk Pasic , Mariam Mussbah , Stefan Schwarz , Markus Rupp , Fredrik Tufvesson , Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker

Channel estimation has long been deemed as one of the most critical problems in three-dimensional (3D) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), which is recognized as the leading technology that enables 3D spatial signal processing in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-21 Lei Cheng , Qingjiang Shi

Channel estimation is a challenging task, especially in a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with one-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADC). Traditional deep learning (DL) methods, that learn the mapping from inputs to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-04 Yudi Dong , Huaxia Wang , Yu-Dong Yao

This paper considers an uplink multiuser massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system with low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), in which K users with a single-antenna communicate with one base station (BS) with Nr…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Song-Nam Hong , Seonho Kim , Namyoon Lee

Massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) is widely believed to be a core technology for the upcoming fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication standards. The use of low-precision digital-to-analog converters (DACs)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-12-09 Sven Jacobsson , Giuseppe Durisi , Mikael Coldrey , Tom Goldstein , Christoph Studer