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Quantum computing is the process of performing calculations using quantum mechanics. This field studies the quantum behavior of certain subatomic particles for subsequent use in performing calculations, as well as for large-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 David Peral García , Juan Cruz-Benito , Francisco José García-Peñalvo

We present a composable design scheme for the development of hybrid quantum/classical algorithms and workflows for applications of quantum simulation. Our object-oriented approach is based on constructing an expressive set of common data…

This document describes a quantum assembly language (QASM) called OpenQASM that is used to implement experiments with low depth quantum circuits. OpenQASM represents universal physical circuits over the CNOT plus SU(2) basis with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-17 Andrew W. Cross , Lev S. Bishop , John A. Smolin , Jay M. Gambetta

qPCF is a paradigmatic quantum programming language that ex- tends PCF with quantum circuits and a quantum co-processor. Quantum circuits are treated as classical data that can be duplicated and manipulated in flexible ways by means of a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Luca Paolini , Mauro Piccolo , Margherita Zorzi

Currently, quantum hardware is restrained by noises and qubit numbers. Thus, a quantum virtual machine that simulates operations of a quantum computer on classical computers is a vital tool for developing and testing quantum algorithms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-10 Chuong Nguyen Quoc , Le Bin Ho , Lan Nguyen Tran , Hung Q. Nguyen

Programming for today's quantum computers is making significant strides toward modern workflows compatible with high performance computing (HPC), but fundamental challenges still remain in the integration of these vastly different…

Demonstrating quantum advantage has been a pressing challenge in the field. Most claimed quantum speedups rely on a subroutine in which classical information can be accessed in a coherent quantum manner, which imposes a crucial constraint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Nhat A. Nghiem

The classical lambda calculus may be regarded both as a programming language and as a formal algebraic system for reasoning about computation. It provides a computational model equivalent to the Turing machine, and continues to be of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andre van Tonder

Quantum computers are becoming real, and they have the inherent potential to significantly impact many application domains. We sketch the basics about programming quantum computers, showing that quantum programs are typically hybrid…

Quantum computers promise to transform our notions of computation by offering a completely new paradigm. To achieve scalable quantum computation, optimizing compilers and a corresponding software design flow will be essential. We present a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Thomas Häner , Damian S. Steiger , Krysta Svore , Matthias Troyer

Although classical computing has excelled in a wide range of applications, there remain problems that push the limits of its capabilities, especially in fields like cryptography, optimization, and materials science. Quantum computing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Neilson Carlos Leite Ramalho , Erico Augusto da Silva , Higor Amario de Souza , Marcos Lordello Chaim

Classical program analysis techniques, such as abstract interpretation and symbolic execution, are essential for ensuring software correctness, optimizing performance, and enabling compiler optimizations. However, these techniques face…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Yicheng Guang , Pietro Zanotta , Kai Zhou , Yueqi Chen , Ramin Ayanzadeh

Quantum compiling fills the gap between the computing layer of high-level quantum algorithms and the layer of physical qubits with their specific properties and constraints. Quantum compiling is a hybrid between the general-purpose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-02 Marco Maronese , Lorenzo Moro , Lorenzo Rocutto , Enrico Prati

Quantum computing improves substantially on known classical algorithms for various important problems, but the nature of the relationship between quantum and classical computing is not yet fully understood. This relationship can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Jacques Carette , Chris Heunen , Robin Kaarsgaard , Neil J. Ross , Amr Sabry

Quantum computing comes with the potential to push computational boundaries in various domains including, e.g., cryptography, simulation, optimization, and machine learning. Exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics, new algorithms can…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Julian Berberich , Robert L. Kosut , Thomas Schulte-Herbrüggen

We present IQu, namely a quantum programming language that extends Reynold's Idealized Algol, the paradigmatic core of Algol-like languages. IQu combines imperative programming with high-order features, mediated by a simple type theory. IQu…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Luca Paolini , Luca Roversi , Margherita Zorzi

Quantum computers promise exponential speed ups over classical computers for various tasks. This emerging technology is expected to have its first huge impact in High Performance Computing (HPC), as it can solve problems beyond the reach of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-29 Arnaud Gazda , Oceane Koska

Quantum computing is an emerging paradigm that opens a new era for exponential computational speedup. Still, quantum computers have yet to be ready for commercial use. However, it is essential to train and qualify today the workforce that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-28 Evandro C. R. da Rosa , Claudio Lima

Quantum computing's transition from theory to reality has spurred the need for novel software tools to manage the increasing complexity, sophistication, toil, and fallibility of quantum algorithm development. We present Qualtran, an…

We describe Qiskit, a software development kit for quantum information science. We discuss the key design decisions that have shaped its development, and examine the software architecture and its core components. We demonstrate an…