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A stability criterion is worked out for the superconducting phase. The validity of a prerequisite, established previously for persistent currents, is thereby confirmed. Temperature dependence is given for the specific heat and concentration…
A type I superconductor expels a magnetic field from its interior to a surface layer of thickness $\lambda_L$, the London penetration depth. $\lambda_L$ is a function of temperature, becoming smaller as the temperature decreases. Here we…
The law of entropy increase postulates the existence of irreversible processes in physics: the total entropy of an isolated system can increase but cannot decrease. The annihilation of an electric current in normal metal with the generation…
The underlying mechanism of unconventional high-temperature superconductivity is a great challenge to condensed matter physics. However, zero dissipation of electric current is the commonness of superconductors whether they are conventional…
The transition from the superconducting to the normal state in a magnetic field was considered as a irreversible thermodynamic process before 1933 because of Joule heating. But all physicists became to consider this transition as reversible…
We give a brief historical account on microscopic explanations of electrical conduction. One aim of this short review is to show that Thermodynamics is fundamental to the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. We discuss how the 2nd…
Joule heating is a non-equilibrium dissipative process that occurs in a normal metal when an electric current flows, in an amount proportional to the metal's resistance. When it is induced by eddy currents resulting from a change in…
In a process where the temperature of a type I superconductor in a magnetic field changes, the conventional theory of superconductivity predicts that Joule heat is generated and that the final state is independent of the speed of the…
Persistent currents flowing in spatially closed tracks define one of the most iconic concepts in mesoscopic physics. They have been studied in solid-state platforms such as superfluids, superconductors and metals. Cold atoms trapped in…
In the Meissner phase of a superconductor, an external constant magnetic field is shielded by circulating persistent zero-resistance supercurrents that are formed by Cooper pairs. However, a thermodynamic change of state within this phase,…
We discuss the recent experiments on persistent current in metallic rings in the backdrop of low temperature decoherence. The observed size of the persistent current, typically on the order of the Thouless energy, $ e/\tau_D$, is much…
A rebuttal of a recent article by Hirsch J.E. is presented below. To begin with, the main assumption, regarding the Meissner effect, which the whole argument relies upon, is disproved. Besides, the subsequent analysis misconstrues an…
Quantum mechanics predicts that the equilibrium state of a resistive electrical circuit contains a dissipationless current. This persistent current has been the focus of considerable theoretical and experimental work, but its basic…
As remarked by Boltzmann, the Second Law of Thermodynamics is notable for the fact that it is readily proved using elementary statistical arguments, but becomes harder and harder to verify the more precise the microscopic description of a…
Electric current generation and its dissipation are important physical processes. It ranges from the one follows the Ohm's law to superconductivity. Recently, it has been shown that the gradient of the chemical potential force arises from…
Electrons/atoms can flow without dissipation at low temperature in superconductors/superfluids. The phenomenon known as superconductivity/superfluidity is one of the most important discoveries of modern physics, and is not only…
We calculate the contribution of superconducting fluctuations to the mesoscopic persistent current of an ensemble of rings, each made of a superconducting layer in contact with a normal one, in the Cooper limit. The superconducting…
The basic stages of development of the theory of superconductivity are traced. Despite of remarkable successes of theory, the physical explanation of the phenomenon of superconductivity - of the not fading electrical current in dissipative…
In Entropy 24, 83 (2022) [1], titled "The Law of Entropy Increase and the Meissner Effect", A. Nikulov claims that the Meissner effect exhibited by type I superconductors violates the second law of thermodynamics. Contrary to this claim, I…
The standing wave model describes the well-known phenomenon of superconductivity in a new way [1]. Starting from a new definition of superconductivity, a microscopic London relation is derived from first principles. The relation between the…