Related papers: A Note on the Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem

The classical Birkhoff ergodic theorem in its most popular version says that the time average along a single typical trajectory of a dynamical system is equal to the space average with respect to the ergodic invariant distribution. This…

We formulate a criterion for the existence and uniqueness of an invariant measure for a Markov process taking values in a Polish phase space. In addition, weak-$^*$ ergodicity, that is, the weak convergence of the ergodic averages of the…

It is well-known that a strict analogue of the Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem in infinite ergodic theory is trivial; it states that for any infinite-measure-preserving ergodic system the Birkhoff average of every integrable function is almost…

This paper deals with ergodic theorems for particular time-inhomogeneous Markov processes, whose the time-inhomogeneity is asymptotically periodic. Under a Lyapunov/minorization condition, it is shown that, for any measurable bounded…

Let $X:=(X_t)_{t\geq 0}$ be an ergodic Markov process on $\real^d$, and $p>0$. We derive upper bounds of the $p$-Wasserstein distance between the invariant measure and the empirical measures of the Markov process $X$. For this we assume,…

Consider a Markov process $\{\Phi(t) : t\geq 0\}$ evolving on a Polish space ${\sf X}$. A version of the $f$-Norm Ergodic Theorem is obtained: Suppose that the process is $\psi$-irreducible and aperiodic. For a given function $f\colon{\sf…

The Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem concludes that time averages, that is, Birkhoff averages, $\Sigma_{n=1}^N f(x_n)/N$ of a function $f$ along an ergodic trajectory $(x_n)$ of a function $T$ converges to the space average $\int f d\mu$, where…

We study a stability property of probability laws with respect to small violations of algorithmic randomness. A sufficient condition of stability is presented in terms of Schnorr tests of algorithmic randomness. Most probability laws, like…

A remarkable theorem of Besicovitch is that an integrable function $f$ on $\mathbb{R}^2$ is strongly differentiable if and only if its associated strong maximal function $M_S f$ is finite a.e. We provide an analogue of Besicovitch's result…

The Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem concludes that time averages, i.e., Birkhoff averages, $\Sigma_{n=0}^{N-1} f(x_n)/N$ of a function $f$ along a length $N$ ergodic trajectory $(x_n)$ of a function $T$ converge to the space average $\int f d\mu$,…

This paper is concerned with ergodic properties of inhomogeneous Markov processes. Since the transition probabilities depend on initial times, the existing methods to obtain invariant measures for homogeneous Markov processes are not…

In this paper, we establish a version of the central limit theorem for Markov-Feller continuous time processes (with a Polish state space) that are exponentially ergodic in the bounded-Lipschitz distance and enjoy a continuous form of the…

For a Dunford-Schwartz operator in the $L^p-$space, $1\leq p< \infty$ , of an arbitrary measure space, we prove pointwise convergence of the conventional and Besicovitch weighted ergodic averages. Pointwise convergence of various types of…

Given a space $X$, a $\sigma$-algebra $\mathfrak{B}$ on $X$ and a measurable map $T:X \to X$, we say that a measure $\mu$ is half-invariant if, for any $B \in \mathfrak{B}$, we have $\mu(T^{-1}(B)\leq \mu (B)$. In this note we present a…

For an ergodic action of the group $Z^n$ on a probability space and a given arbitrarily slowly decreasing to zero sequence, there exists an integrable function such that the standard ergodic time averages for it converge almost everywhere…

The Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem asserts under mild conditions that Birkhoff averages (i.e. time averages computed along a trajectory) converge to the space average. For sufficiently smooth systems, our small modification of numerical Birkhoff…

The ergodic hypothesis is examined for energetically open fluid systems represented by the barotropic Navier--Stokes equations with general inflow/outflow boundary conditions. We show that any globally bounded trajectory generates a…

Let $\Gamma$ be a countably infinite group. A common theme in ergodic theory is to start with a probability measure-preserving (p.m.p.) action $\Gamma \curvearrowright (X, \mu)$ and a map $f \in L^1(X, \mu)$, and to compare the global…

The robust statistical description of dynamical systems under perturbations is a central problem in ergodic theory. In this paper, we investigate the statistical properties of skew-product maps driven by a subshift of finite type with…

Birkhoff's theorem states that for an ergodic automorphism, the time averages converge to the space average. Given sequence $\psi(n)\to+0$, U. Krengel proved that for any ergodic automorphism there is an indicator such that the…