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In this paper, we analyze the performance of randomized benchmarking protocols on gate sets under a variety of realistic error models that include systematic rotations, amplitude damping, leakage to higher levels, and 1/f noise. We find…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-08 Jeffrey M. Epstein , Andrew W. Cross , Easwar Magesan , Jay M. Gambetta

We provide a rigorous analysis of fault-tolerant quantum computation in the presence of local leakage faults. We show that one can systematically deal with leakage by using appropriate leakage-reduction units such as quantum teleportation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Panos Aliferis , Barbara M. Terhal

We describe and analyze leakage errors of singlet-triplet qubits. Even though leakage errors are a natural problem for spin qubits encoded using quantum dot arrays, they have obtained little attention in previous studies. We describe the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-24 Sebastian Mehl , Hendrik Bluhm , David P. DiVincenzo

Accurate methods of assessing the performance of quantum gates are extremely important. Quantum process tomography and randomized benchmarking are the current favored methods. Quantum process tomography gives detailed information, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-08 Austin G. Fowler , D. Sank , J. Kelly , R. Barends , John M. Martinis

Noise mechanisms in quantum systems can be broadly characterized as either coherent (i.e., unitary) or incoherent. For a given fixed average error rate, coherent noise mechanisms will generally lead to a larger worst-case error than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Joel J. Wallman , Christopher Granade , Robin Harper , Steven T. Flammia

Quantum computers require high fidelity quantum gates. These gates are obtained by routine calibration tasks that eat into the availability of cloud-based devices. Restless circuit execution speeds-up characterization and calibration by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-10 Conrad J. Haupt , Daniel J. Egger

One of the main challenges in building a quantum processor is to characterize the environmental noise. Noise characterization can be achieved by exploiting different techniques, such as randomization where several sequences of random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-04 Elena Ferraro , Marco De Michielis

Quantum computing can become scalable through error correction, but logical error rates only decrease with system size when physical errors are sufficiently uncorrelated. During computation, unused high energy levels of the qubits can…

Leakage of confidential information represents a serious security risk. Despite a number of novel, theoretical advances, it has been unclear if and how quantitative approaches to measuring leakage of confidential information could be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-07-07 Jonathan Heusser , Pasquale Malacaria

Superconducting qubits, while promising for scalability and long coherence times, contain more than two energy levels, and therefore are susceptible to errors generated by the leakage of population outside of the computational subspace.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-23 Joydip Ghosh , Austin G. Fowler

Quantum computers promise to solve certain problems more efficiently than their digital counterparts. A major challenge towards practically useful quantum computing is characterizing and reducing the various errors that accumulate during an…

Quantum error correcting codes typically do not account for quantum state transitions - leakage - out of the computational subspace. Since these errors can last for multiple detection rounds they can significantly contribute to logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Jeffrey Marshall , Dvir Kafri

Characterization of quantum devices generates insights into their sources of disturbances. State-of-the-art characterization protocols often focus on incoherent noise and eliminate coherent errors when using Pauli or Clifford twirling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Noah Kaufmann , Ivan Rojkov , Florentin Reiter

With the development of controllable quantum systems, fast and practical characterization for multi-qubit gates is essential for building high-fidelity quantum computing devices. The usual way to fulfill this requirement via randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Yihong Zhang , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Guoding Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Characterising quantum processes is a key task in and constitutes a challenge for the development of quantum technologies, especially at the noisy intermediate scale of today's devices. One method for characterising processes is randomised…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Ingo Roth , Richard Kueng , Shelby Kimmel , Yi-Kai Liu , David Gross , Jens Eisert , Martin Kliesch

Leakage is a particularly damaging error that occurs when a qubit leaves the defined computational subspace. Leakage errors limit the effectiveness of quantum error correcting codes by spreading additional errors to other qubits and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-13 Natalie C. Brown , Andrew W. Cross , Kenneth R. Brown

There is currently a significant need for robust and efficient methods for characterizing quantum devices. While there has been significant progress in this direction, there remains a crucial need to precisely determine the strength and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

We present measurements of single-qubit gate errors for a superconducting qubit. Results from quantum process tomography and randomized benchmarking are compared with gate errors obtained from a double pi pulse experiment. Randomized…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2009-03-08 J. M. Chow , J. M. Gambetta , L. Tornberg , Jens Koch , Lev S. Bishop , A. A. Houck , B. R. Johnson , L. Frunzio , S. M. Girvin , R. J. Schoelkopf

Realizing the full potential of quantum computing requires large-scale quantum computers capable of running quantum error correction (QEC) to mitigate hardware errors and maintain quantum data coherence. While quantum computers operate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Chaithanya Naik Mude , Satvik Maurya , Benjamin Lienhard , Swamit Tannu

We introduce a single-number metric, quantum volume, that can be measured using a concrete protocol on near-term quantum computers of modest size ($n\lesssim 50$), and measure it on several state-of-the-art transmon devices, finding values…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-14 Andrew W. Cross , Lev S. Bishop , Sarah Sheldon , Paul D. Nation , Jay M. Gambetta