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We introduce a new infinite family of enhancements of the biquandle homset invariant called biquandle arrow weights. These invariants assign weights in an abelian group to intersections of arrows in a Gauss diagram representing a classical…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-04-18 Sam Nelson , Migiwa Sakurai

We introduce colorings of oriented surface-links by biquasiles using marked graph diagrams. We use these colorings to define counting invariants and Boltzmann enhancements of the biquasile counting invariants for oriented surface-links. We…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2018-01-11 Jieon Kim , Sam Nelson

Biquandle brackets are a type of quantum enhancement of the biquandle counting invariant for oriented knots and links, defined by a set of skein relations with coefficients which are functions of biquandle colors at a crossing. In this…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-09-04 Neslihan Gügümcü , Sam Nelson , Natsumi Oyamaguchi

Introduced in arXiv:2211.12606, biquandle arrow weight invariants are enhancements of the biquandle counting invariant for oriented virtual and classical knots defined from biquandle-colored Gauss diagrams using a tensor over an abelian…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-01-30 Sam Nelson , Migiwa Sakurai

We introduce a new class of quantum enhancements we call biquandle brackets, which are customized skein invariants for biquandle colored links.Quantum enhancements of biquandle counting invariants form a class of knot and link invariants…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-02-17 Sam Nelson , Michael E. Orrison , Veronica Rivera

Folded linear molecular chains are ubiquitous in biology. Folding is mediated by intra-chain interactions that "glue" two or more regions of a chain. The resulting fold topology is widely believed to be a determinant of biomolecular…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2021-07-21 Jose Ceniceros , Mohamed Elhamdadi , Alireza Mashaghi

We enhance the quandle counting invariants of oriented classical and virtual knots and links using a construction similar to quandle modules but inspired by symplectic quandle operations rather than Alexander quandle operations. Given a…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-04-18 Will Gilroy , Sam Nelson

We bring cocycle enhancement theory to the case of psyquandles. Analogously to our previous work on virtual biquandle cocycle enhancements, we define enhancements of the psyquandle counting invariant via pairs of a biquandle 2-cocycle and a…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2020-10-01 Jose Ceniceros , Sam Nelson

In this paper, we consider biquandle colorings for knotoids in $\mathbb{R}^2$ or $S^2$ and we construct several coloring invariants for knotoids derived as enhancements of the biquandle counting invariant. We first enhance the biquandle…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-02-28 Neslihan Gügümcü , Sam Nelson

We enhance the quandle coloring quiver invariant of oriented knots and links with quandle modules. This results in a two-variable polynomial invariant with specializes to the previous quandle module polynomial invariant as well as to the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2020-11-12 Karma Istanbouli , Sam Nelson

In this short survey article we collect the current state of the art in the nascent field of \textit{quantum enhancements}, a type of knot invariant defined by collecting values of quantum invariants of knots with colorings by various…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-02-19 Sam Nelson

In their paper entitled "Quantum Enhancements and Biquandle Brackets," Nelson, Orrison, and Rivera introduced biquandle brackets, which are customized skein invariants for biquandle-colored links. We prove herein that if a biquandle bracket…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2020-08-11 Will Hoffer , Adu Vengal , Vilas Winstein

In earlier work the Kauffman bracket polynomial was extended to an invariant of marked graphs, i.e., looped graphs whose vertices have been partitioned into two classes (marked and not marked). The marked-graph bracket polynomial is readily…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2009-11-16 Lorenzo Traldi

Biquandle brackets define invariants of classical and virtual knots and links using skein invariants of biquandle-colored knots and links. Biquandle coloring quivers categorify the biquandle counting invariant in the sense of defining…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2021-09-14 Pia Cosma Falkenburg , Sam Nelson

Twisted Alexander invariants of knots are well-defined up to multiplication of units. We get rid of this multiplicative ambiguity via a combinatorial method and define normalized twisted Alexander invariants. We then show that the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2015-07-07 Takahiro Kitayama

We enhance the tribracket counting invariant with \textit{tribracket brackets}, skein invariants of tribracket-colored oriented knots and links analogously to biquandle brackets. This infinite family of invariants includes the classical…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-11-21 Laira Aggarwal , Sam Nelson , Patricia Rivera

We enhance the psyquandle counting invariant for singular knots and pseudoknots using quivers analogously to quandle coloring quivers. This enables us to extend the in-degree polynomial invariants from quandle coloring quiver theory to the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2021-07-14 Jose Ceniceros , Anthony Christiana , Sam Nelson

We incorporate quandle cocycle information into the quandle coloring quivers we defined in arXiv:1807.10465 to define weighted directed graph-valued invariants of oriented links we call \textit{quandle cocycle quivers}. This construction…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-04-22 Karina Cho , Sam Nelson

We introduce an infinite family of quantum enhancements of the biquandle counting invariant we call biquandle virtual brackets. Defined in terms of skein invariants of biquandle colored oriented knot and link diagrams with values in a…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-08-28 Sam Nelson , Kanako Oshiro , Ayaka Shimizu , Yoshiro Yaguchi

We define invariants of oriented surface-links by enhancing the biquandle counting invariant using \textit{biquandle modules}, algebraic structures defined in terms of biquandle actions on commutative rings analogous to Alexander…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-08-28 Yewon Joung , Sam Nelson
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