Related papers: Symmetry and Minimum Principle at the Basis of the…
Imposing a minimum principle in the framework of the so called crystal basis model of the genetic code, we determine the structure of the minimum set of 22 anticodons which allows the translational-transcription for animal mitochondrial…
Imposing a minimum principle in the framework of the so called crystal basis model of the genetic code, we determine the structure of the minimum set of anticodons which allows the translational-transcription for animal mitochondrial code.…
New developments are presented in the framework of the model introduced by the authors in refs. [1,2] and in which nucleotides as well as codons are classified in crystal bases of the quantum group U_q(sl(2)+sl(2)) in the limit q -> 0. An…
The origin and organizing principles of the genetic code remain fundamental puzzles in life science. The vanishingly low probability of the natural codon-to-amino acid mapping arising by chance has spurred the hypothesis that its structure…
Analyzing the codon usage frequencies of a specimen of 20 plants, for which the codon-anticodon pattern is known, we have remarked that the hierarchy of the usage frequencies present an almost "universal" behavior. Searching to explain this…
The genetic code is nearly universal, and the arrangement of the codons in the standard codon table is highly non-random. The three main concepts on origin and evolution of the code are the stereochemical theory; the coevolution theory; and…
Degeneracy is a salient feature of genetic codes, because there are more codons than amino acids. The conventional table for genetic codes suffers from an inability of illustrating a symmetrical nature among genetic base codes. In fact,…
Why is the genetic code the way it is? The most successful theory states that the codon assignments minimise the effects of errors arising in primordial living systems. Here a transversion is reported that leaves invariant degeneracy in the…
The systematics of indices of physico-chemical properties of codons and amino acids across the genetic code are examined. Using a simple numerical labelling scheme for nucleic acid bases, data can be fitted as low-order polynomials of the 6…
A codon table is a useful tool for mapping codons to amino acids as they have been assigned by nature. It has become a scientific icon because of the way it embodies our understanding of this natural process and the way it immediately…
In the present work, 16 genetic code doublets and their cognate amino acids in the genetic code are fitted into a polyhedron model. Based on the structural regularity in nucleobases, and by using a series of common-sense topological…
The ratios of the codon usage in the quartets and sextets for the vertebrate series exhibit a correlated behaviour which fits naturally in the framework of the crystal basis model of the genetic code. Moreover the observed universal…
We propose a physical model to describe the mechanisms of two major scenarios of the genetic code evolution, the codon capture and ambiguous intermediate scenarios, in a consistent manner. We sketch the lowest dimensional version of our…
The quantum enveloping algebra U_q(sl(2) \oplus sl(2)) in the limit q \to 0 is proposed as a symmetry algebra for the genetic code. In this approach the triplets of nucleotids or codons in the DNA chain are classified in crystal bases,…
Important aspects of the process of information storage and retrieval in DNA and RNA, and its evolution, are the role of the anticodons and associated $t$RNA's, and correlations between anticodons and amino acids; the degeneracy of the…
The standard genetic code is known to be much more efficient in minimizing adverse effects of misreading errors and one-point mutations in comparison with a random code having the same structure, i.e. the same number of codons coding for…
A representation of the genetic code as a six-dimensional Boolean hypercube is proposed. It is assumed here that this structure is the result of the hierarchical order of the interaction energies of the bases in codon-anticodon recognition.…
mRNA editing of sequences of many species is analyzed. The nature of the inserted nucleotides and the position of the insertion sites, once fixed the edited peptide chain, are explained by introducing a minimum principle in the framework of…
The present work is devoted to describe a set of rules explaining the discriminating versus non-discriminating behavior of the di-basic stages and to characterize the role of each base in determining such a behavior. Bases are analyze as…
The rules that specify how the information contained in DNA codes amino acids, is called "the genetic code". Using a simplified version of the Penna nodel, we are using computer simulations to investigate the importance of the genetic code…