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We review uses of the generalized-ensemble algorithms for free-energy calculations in protein folding. Two of the well-known methods are multicanonical algorithm and replica-exchange method; the latter is also referred to as parallel…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Y. Sugita , Y. Okamoto

We introduce the Free Energy Manifold (FEM), a score-trained conditional energy model specialized for inference in hybrid Bayesian networks with discrete and continuous variables. FEM represents each conditional factor as an energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Cheol Young Park , Shou Matsumoto

We introduce Equilibrium Matching (EqM), a generative modeling framework built from an equilibrium dynamics perspective. EqM discards the non-equilibrium, time-conditional dynamics in traditional diffusion and flow-based generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Runqian Wang , Yilun Du

The determination of the solvation free energy of ions and molecules holds profound importance across a spectrum of applications spanning chemistry, biology, energy storage, and the environment. Molecular dynamics simulations are a powerful…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-11-28 Zhou Yu , Enrique R. Batista , Ping Yang , Danny Perez

Recently, nanofluidics experiments have been used to characterize the behavior of single DNA molecules confined to narrow slits etched with arrays of nanopits. Analysis of the experimental data relies on analytical estimates of the…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2024-09-09 James M. Polson , Matthew Kozma

A fluctuation relation, which is an extended form of the Jarzynski equality, is introduced and discussed. We show how to apply this relation in order to evaluate the free energy landscape of simple systems. These systems are manipulated by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Imparato , L. Peliti

Energy-based models (EBMs) are generative models inspired by statistical physics with a wide range of applications in unsupervised learning. Their performance is best measured by the cross-entropy (CE) of the model distribution relative to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Davide Carbone , Mengjian Hua , Simon Coste , Eric Vanden-Eijnden

We derive the optimal estimates of the free energies of an arbitrary number of thermodynamic states from nonequilibrium work measurements; the work data are collected from forward and reverse switching processes and obey a fluctuation…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 Paul Maragakis , Martin Spichty , Martin Karplus

The free energy landscapes of several fundamental processes are characterized by high barriers separating long-lived metastable states. In order to explore these type of landscapes enhanced sampling methods are used. While many such methods…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2019-04-12 Jayashrita Debnath , Michele Invernizzi , Michele Parrinello

Estimating the free energy in molecular simulation requires, implicitly or explicitly, counting how many times the system is observed in a finite region. If the simulation is biased by an external potential, the weight of the configurations…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-12-22 Matteo Carli , Alessandro Laio

Sampling the free energy surface, namely, the distribution of collective variables (CVs), is a crucial problem in statistical physics, as it underpins a better understanding of chemical reactions and conformational transitions. Traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zichen Liu , Tiejun Li

Effective harmonic methods allow for calculating temperature dependent phonon frequencies by incorporating the anharmonic contributions into an effective harmonic Hamiltonian. The systematic errors arising from such an approximation are…

Materials Science · Physics 2019-06-05 Erki Metsanurk , Mattias Klintenberg

Gradient-based Discrete Samplers (GDSs) are effective for sampling discrete energy landscapes. However, they often stagnate in complex, non-convex settings. To improve exploration, we introduce the Discrete Replica EXchangE Langevin…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Haoyang Zheng , Hengrong Du , Ruqi Zhang , Guang Lin

We study the problem of training diffusion models to sample from a distribution with a given unnormalized density or energy function. We benchmark several diffusion-structured inference methods, including simulation-based variational…

An oft-used concept in modeling macromolecules is the free energy landscape, obtained by coarse-graining a vast number of microstates into a low-dimensional mesh of mesostates. If the landscape contains two or more local minima…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-04-24 Daniel Sigg , Vincent A. Voelz , Vincenzo Carnevale

In this paper, we present a general method that can improve the sample quality of pre-trained likelihood based generative models. Our method constructs an energy function on the latent variable space that yields an energy function on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Zhisheng Xiao , Qing Yan , Yali Amit

A scheme to provide various mean-field-type approximation algorithms is presented by employing the Bethe free energy formalism to a family of replicated systems in conjunction with analytical continuation with respect to the number of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-11 Yoshiyuki Kabashima

Modeling non-Markovian time series is a recent topic of research in many fields such as climate modeling, biophysics, molecular dynamics, or finance. The generalized Langevin equation (GLE), given naturally by the Mori-Zwanzig projection…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2022-07-25 Clemens Willers , Oliver Kamps

We propose a new Monte Carlo algorithm for the free energy calculation based on configuration space sampling. We implement this algorithm for Ising model. Comparison with the exact free energy shows an excellent agreement. We analyse the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-08-05 Sheng Bi , Ning-Hua Tong

In this thesis we examine methodologies for determining free energy differences (FEDs) of phases via Monte Carlo simulation. We identify and address three generic issues that arise in FED calculations; the choice of representation, the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-09-29 Arjun R. Acharya