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Distributed cooperative droop control consisting of the primary decentralized droop control and the {secondary} distributed correction control is studied in this paper, which aims to achieve an exact current sharing between generators,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-05-17 Ji Xiang , Yu Wang , Yanjun Li , Wei Wei

We present a systematic method for designing distributed generation and demand control schemes for secondary frequency regulation in power networks such that stability and an economically optimal power allocation can be guaranteed. A…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-03-03 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Eoin Devane , Ioannis Lestas

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

This paper studies enhanced droop-free control strategies with sparse neighboring communication for achieving effective active power sharing of distributed energy resources (DERs) while maintaining the frequency stability of islanded…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-05 Weipeng Liu , Upendra Prasad , Yutian Liu , Yong Dong , Haoran Zhao , Lei Wu

This paper studies the problem of frequency regulation in power grids under unknown and possible time-varying load changes, while minimizing the generation costs. We formulate this problem as an output agreement problem for distribution…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-01 Sebastian Trip , Mathias Bürger , Claudio De Persis

The increasing penetration of inertialess new renewable energy sources reduces the overall mechanical inertia available in power grids and accordingly raises a number of issues of grid stability over short to medium time scales. It has been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-16 Laurent Pagnier , Philippe Jacquod

Conventional inertia control strategies (i.e., the VSG-based and PD-based strategies) for the fast frequency regulation resources (FFRs) might lead to system oscillations due to their emulations of generator dynamics. The only-droop-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-02 Ye Liu , Chen Shen

Current DER coordination schemes, such as demand-response and VPPs, aim to reduce electricity costs during peak demand events with no consideration of distribution grid reliability. We show that coordinating DERs for grid reliability can…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-18 Thomas Navidi , Abbas El Gamal , Ram Rajagopal

Modern low-carbon power systems come with many challenges, such as increased inverter penetration and increased uncertainty from renewable sources and loads. In this context, the microgrid concept is a promising approach, which is based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 E. D. Gomez Anccas , C. A. Hans , D. Schulz

In this paper, we present distributed controllers for sharing primary and secondary frequency control reserves for asynchronous AC transmission systems, which are connected through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-17 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

This paper presents a novel dissipativity-based distributed droop-free control approach for voltage regulation and current sharing in DC microgrids (MGs) comprised of an interconnected set of distributed generators (DGs), loads, and power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-16 Mohammad Javad Najafirad , Shirantha Welikala

Recently, a novel class of Approximate Policy Iteration (API) algorithms have demonstrated impressive practical performance (e.g., ExIt from [2], AlphaGo-Zero from [27]). This new family of algorithms maintains, and alternately optimizes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Wen Sun , Geoffrey J. Gordon , Byron Boots , J. Andrew Bagnell

With the growing integration of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) in Multi-Terminal Direct Current (MTDC) transmission systems, there is an increasing need for control strategies that ensure both economic efficiency and robust dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-07 Hongjin Du , Tuanku Badzlin Hashfi , Rashmi Prasad , Pedro P. Vergara , Peter Palensky , Aleksandra Lekić

In this work we model the dynamics of power grids in terms of a two-layer network, and use the Italian high voltage power grid as a proof-of-principle example. The first layer in our model represents the power grid consisting of generators…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2021-11-30 Simona Olmi , Carl H. Totz , Eckehard Schöll

Hybrid distribution transformers (HDTs) integrate conventional transformers with partially rated power electronic converters to improve power quality, enable advanced ancillary services and increase penetration of renewable energy sources…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Martin Doff-Sotta , Florian Cech , Rishabh Manjunatha , Costantino Citro , Matthew Williams , Thomas Morstyn

This article presents an exciting finding for the power industry: the parameters of secondary frequency control based on integral or proportional integral control can be tuned to achieve economic operation and frequency regulation…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-04-15 Zhixin Miao , Lingling Fan

We propose a novel frequency control approach in between centralized and distributed architectures, that is a continuous-time feedback control version of the dual decomposition optimization method. Specifically, a convex combination of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-10-10 Florian Dörfler , Sergio Grammatico

The voltage received by each customer connected to a power distribution line with local controllers (inverters) is regulated to be within a desired margin through a class of slope-restricted controllers, known conventionally as \emph{droop}…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-11 Michelle S. Chong , Henrik Sandberg

A microgrid is a new concept that has changed the power systems dramatically. It is a combination of Distributed Generation Resources (DGR) like Biomass, PV systems, Wind energy, Fuel cell, Diesel Generator, and so on with different types…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-01 Khodakhast Nasirian , Hadi Taheri

This paper presents an integration study for a power electronic-based fast-frequency response technology, an asynchronous grid connection operating as an aggregator for behindthe-meter resources and distributed generators. Both technical…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-22 Felix Wald , Amir Sajadi , Barry Mather , Giovanni De Carne