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We investigate the impact of cosmic rays (CRs) on galactic outflows from a multi-phase interstellar medium with solar neighbourhood conditions. The three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical simulations include CRs as a relativistic fluid in…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-07-11 Philipp Girichidis , Thorsten Naab , Michał Hanasz , Stefanie Walch

Cosmic rays (CRs) are dynamically important for the formation and evolution of galaxies by regulating star formation and by powering galactic outflows. However, to what extent CRs regulate galaxy formation depends on the coupling strength…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-12-27 Philipp Girichidis , Maria Werhahn , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor , Volker Springel

Cosmic rays (CRs) are a non-thermal energy component in the interstellar and circumgalactic medium (CGM) that can act as an additional feedback channel beyond thermal and kinetic feedback from stars and AGN. They influence galaxy evolution…

We investigate how cosmic rays (CRs) affect thermal and hydrostatic stability of circumgalactic (CGM) gas, in simulations with both CR streaming and diffusion. Local thermal instability can be suppressed by CR-driven entropy mode…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-05-25 Tsun Hin Navin Tsung , S. Peng Oh , Chad Bustard

We study the properties of cosmic-ray (CR) driven galactic winds from the warm interstellar medium using idealized spherically symmetric time-dependent simulations. The key ingredients in the model are radiative cooling and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-08-11 Shaunak Modak , Eliot Quataert , Yan-Fei Jiang , Todd A. Thompson

The first stars and quasars are known sources of hard ionizing radiation in the first billion years of the Universe. We examine the joint effects of X-rays and hard UV radiation from such first-light sources on the hydrogen and helium…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Aparna Venkatesan , Andrew J. Benson

In light of evidence for a high ionization rate due to Low-Energy Cosmic Rays (LECR), in diffuse molecular gas in the solar neighbourhood, we evaluate their heat input to the Warm Ionized Medium (WIM). LECR are much more effective at…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-02-17 Mark A. Walker

Cosmic rays (CR), both solar and Galactic, have an ionising effect on the Earth's atmosphere and are thought to be important for prebiotic molecule production. In particular, the $\rm{H_2}$-dominated atmosphere following an ocean-vaporising…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-07 S. R. Raeside , D. Rodgers-Lee , P. B. Rimmer

This thesis investigates the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization (EoR), a key period in the early Universe when the first luminous sources formed and their radiation transformed the intergalactic medium (IGM) from neutral to ionized. Understanding…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-28 Arghyadeep Basu

Galactic cosmic-rays (GCRs) are thought to be accelerated in strong shocks induced by massive star winds and supernova explosions sweeping across the interstellar medium. But the phase of the interstellar medium from which the CRs are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-10-13 Vincent Tatischeff , John C. Raymond , Jean Duprat , Stefano Gabici , Sarah Recchia

Low energy cosmic-rays (CRs) are responsible for gas heating and ionization of interstellar clouds, which in turn introduces coupling to Galactic magnetic fields. So far the CR ionization rate (CRIR) has been estimated using indirect…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-11-16 Shmuel Bialy

We explore the implications of a possible cosmic ray (CR) background generated during the first supernova explosions that end the brief lives of massive Population III stars. We show that such a CR background could have significantly…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Athena Stacy , Volker Bromm

Galactic outflows influence the evolution of galaxies not only by expelling gas from their disks but also by injecting energy into the circumgalactic medium (CGM). This alters or even prevents the inflow of fresh gas onto the disk and thus…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-06-04 Timon Thomas , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor

After recombination the cosmic gas was left in a cold and neutral state. However, as the first stars and black holes formed within early galactic systems, their UV and X-ray radiation induced a gradual phase transition of the intergalactic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-09-18 Andrea Ferrara , Stefania Pandolfi

There is increasing evidence that some heating mechanism in addition to gravitational shock heating has been important for the hot gas inside clusters and groups of galaxies, as indicated by their observed X-ray scaling properties. While…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 Susumu Inoue , Shin Sasaki

Cosmic rays (CRs) with ~GeV energies can contribute significantly to the energy and pressure budget in the interstellar, circumgalactic, and intergalactic medium (ISM, CGM, IGM). Recent cosmological simulations have begun to explore these…

Using an idealized set-up, we investigate the dynamical role of cosmic rays (CRs) in the early stages of galactic outflows for galaxies of halo masses $10^{8}$, $10^{11}$ and $10^{12}$ $M_\odot$. The outflow is launched from a central…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-08-04 Ranita Jana , Siddhartha Gupta , Biman B. Nath

Observations of the 21 cm line from neutral hydrogen indicate that an Epoch of Heating (EoH) might have preceded the later Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Here we study the effects on the ionization state and the thermal history of the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-11-26 Marius Berge Eide , Luca Graziani , Benedetta Ciardi , Yu Feng , Koki Kakiichi , Tiziana di Matteo

Does cosmic ray (CR) pressure matter for the circumgalactic medium (CGM)? Despite growing interest, this remains a debated question, complicated by limited observational constraints and differing implementations of CR physics in…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-27 Manami Roy , Kung-Yi Su , Stephanie Tonnesen , Yue Samuel Lu , Cameron Hummels , Sam B. Ponnada

[abridged] With their long mean free paths and efficient heating of the intergalactic medium (IGM), X-rays could have a dramatic impact on the thermal and ionization history of the Universe. We explore this in various signals: (i)…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Andrei Mesinger , Andrea Ferrara , David S. Spiegel