Related papers: Reflection calculus and conservativity spectra
Self-reflection -- the ability of a large language model (LLM) to revisit, evaluate, and revise its own reasoning -- has recently emerged as a powerful behavior enabled by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). While…
We look at non-classical negations and their corresponding adjustment connectives from a modal viewpoint, over complete distributive lattices, and apply a very general mechanism in order to offer adequate analytic proof systems to logics…
Encodings, that is, injective functions from words to words, have been studied extensively in several settings. In computability theory the notion of encoding is crucial for defining computability on arbitrary domains, as well as for…
The factor complexity ${\mathcal C}_{\mathbf u}$ of a sequence ${\mathbf u} = u_0u_1u_2 \cdots$ over a finite alphabet counts the number of factors of length $n$ occurring in $\mathbf u$, i.e., ${\mathcal C}_{\mathbf u}(n) = \#{\mathcal…
In this note we study several topics related to the schema of local reflection $\mathsf{Rfn}(T)$ and its partial and relativized variants. Firstly, we introduce the principle of uniform reflection with $\Sigma_n$-definable parameters,…
We extend Robust Optimization to fractional programming, where both the objective and the constraints contain uncertain parameters. Earlier work did not consider uncertainty in both the objective and the constraints, or did not use Robust…
Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical method for transforming an observable multi-dimensional random vector into components that are as statistically independent as possible from each other. Usually the ICA framework assumes…
Several results in functional analysis are extended to the setting of $L^0$-modules, where $L^0$ denotes the ring of all measurable functions $x\colon \Omega\to \mathbb{R}$. The focus is on results involving compactness. To this end, a…
Positive logic is a generalisation of full first-order logic that does not have negation built in. Still, many model-theoretic ideas, tools and techniques work perfectly fine in positive logic. Importantly, there is a compactness theorem.…
We study an extension of $\mtl$ in pointwise time with rational expression guarded modality $\reg_I(\re)$ where $\re$ is a rational expression over subformulae. We study the decidability and expressiveness of this extension ($\mtl$+$\varphi…
Justification logics are modal-like logics that provide a framework for reasoning about justifications. This paper introduces labeled sequent calculi for justification logics, as well as for hybrid modal-justification logics. Using the…
In this article we proved so-called strong reflection principles corresponding to formal theories Th which has omega-models. An posible generalization of the Lob's theorem is considered.Main results is: (1) let $k$ be an inaccessible…
Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical method for transforming an observable multidimensional random vector into components that are as statistically independent as possible from each other.Usually the ICA framework assumes a…
We examine the Zermelo Fraenkel set theory with Choice (ZFC) enhanced by one of the (structural) reflection principles down to a small cardinal and/or Recurrence Axioms defined below. The strongest forms of reflection principles spotlight…
For any ordinal \Lambda, we can define a polymodal logic GLP(\Lambda), with a modality [\xi] for each \xi<\Lambda. These represent provability predicates of increasing strength. Although GLP(\Lambda) has no Kripke models, Ignatiev showed…
We introduce the notion of reflexivity for combinatory algebras. Reflexivity can be thought of as an equational counterpart of the Meyer-Scott axiom of combinatory models, which indeed allows us to characterise an equationally definable…
We consider several formalizations in the language of second-order arithmetic of "The formula $\phi$ is a theorem of $\omega$-logic", including some which have been studied in the literature and a new variant defined via a least fixed…
A stationary subset $S$ of a regular uncountable cardinal $\kappa$ {\it reflects fully} at regular cardinals if for every stationary set $T \subseteq \kappa$ of higher order consisting of regular cardinals there exists an $\alpha \in T$…
The conformable derivative has been promoted in numerous publications as a new fractional derivative operator. This article provides a critical reassessment of this claim. We demonstrate that the conformable derivative is not a fractional…
Due to their inherent complexity, reasoning tasks have long been regarded as rigorous benchmarks for assessing the capabilities of machine learning models, especially large language models (LLMs). Although humans can solve these tasks with…