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Variational inference has become one of the most widely used methods in latent variable modeling. In its basic form, variational inference employs a fully factorized variational distribution and minimizes its KL divergence to the posterior.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-29 Robert Bamler , Cheng Zhang , Manfred Opper , Stephan Mandt

Within the framework of smoothing spline ANOVA, we propose a plug-in kernel ridge regression estimator to estimate the derivatives of the underlying multivariate regression function. We first establish an $L_\infty$ convergence rate of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Ruiqi Liu , Kexuan Li , Meng Li

We propose a scalable variational Bayes method for statistical inference for a single or low-dimensional subset of the coordinates of a high-dimensional parameter in sparse linear regression. Our approach relies on assigning a mean-field…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-12 Ismaël Castillo , Alice L'Huillier , Kolyan Ray , Luke Travis

Gradient approximations are a class of numerical approximation techniques that are of central importance in numerical optimization. In derivative-free optimization, most of the gradient approximations, including the simplex gradient,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Yiwen Chen , Warren Hare , Amy Wiebe

Understanding how much each variable contributes to an outcome is a central question across disciplines. A causal view of explainability is favorable for its ability in uncovering underlying mechanisms and generalizing to new contexts.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-09 Weihan Zhang , Zijun Gao

Stochastic neurons and hard non-linearities can be useful for a number of reasons in deep learning models, but in many cases they pose a challenging problem: how to estimate the gradient of a loss function with respect to the input of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-08-16 Yoshua Bengio , Nicholas Léonard , Aaron Courville

In this manuscript, we propose to use a variational autoencoder-based framework for parameterizing a conditional linear minimum mean squared error estimator. The variational autoencoder models the underlying unknown data distribution as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-23 Michael Baur , Benedikt Fesl , Wolfgang Utschick

We propose a method for variable selection in discriminant analysis with mixed categorical and continuous variables. This method is based on a criterion that permits to reduce the variable selection problem to a problem of estimating…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-14 Alban Mbina Mbina , Guy Martial Nkiet , Fulgence Eyi Obiang

This paper proposes an estimator that relaxes the conventional relevance condition in instrumental variable (IV) analyses. The method allows endogenous covariates to be weakly correlated, uncorrelated, or even mean-independent -- though not…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-04 Emmanuel Selorm Tsyawo , Abdul-Nasah Soale

In neural networks with binary activations and or binary weights the training by gradient descent is complicated as the model has piecewise constant response. We consider stochastic binary networks, obtained by adding noises in front of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-05 Alexander Shekhovtsov , Viktor Yanush , Boris Flach

Estimating the score, i.e., the gradient of log density function, from a set of samples generated by an unknown distribution is a fundamental task in inference and learning of probabilistic models that involve flexible yet intractable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-01 Yuhao Zhou , Jiaxin Shi , Jun Zhu

This paper discusses minimum distance estimation method in the linear regression model with dependent errors which are strongly mixing. The regression parameters are estimated through the minimum distance estimation method, and asymptotic…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-01-06 Jiwoong Kim

Black-box variational inference is widely used in situations where there is no proof that its stochastic optimization succeeds. We suggest this is due to a theoretical gap in existing stochastic optimization proofs: namely the challenge of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Justin Domke , Guillaume Garrigos , Robert Gower

We consider some (anisotropic and piecewise constant) convection-diffusion-reaction problems in domains of R2, approximated by a discontinuous Galerkin method with polynomials of any degree. We propose two a posteriori error estimators…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2010-11-04 Emmanuel Creusé , Serge Nicaise

Estimating hyperparameters has been a long-standing problem in machine learning. We consider the case where the task at hand is modeled as the solution to an optimization problem. Here the exact gradient with respect to the hyperparameters…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-16 Matthias J. Ehrhardt , Lindon Roberts

Gradient-based optimization is the foundation of deep learning and reinforcement learning. Even when the mechanism being optimized is unknown or not differentiable, optimization using high-variance or biased gradient estimates is still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Will Grathwohl , Dami Choi , Yuhuai Wu , Geoffrey Roeder , David Duvenaud

Mean-field variational inference is one of the most popular approaches to inference in discrete random fields. Standard mean-field optimization is based on coordinate descent and in many situations can be impractical. Thus, in practice,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-12-04 Pierre Baqué , Timur Bagautdinov , François Fleuret , Pascal Fua

We propose the family of generalized resubstitution classifier error estimators based on empirical measures. These error estimators are computationally efficient and do not require re-training of classifiers. The plain resubstitution error…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-26 Parisa Ghane , Ulisses Braga-Neto

This paper considers policy search in continuous state-action reinforcement learning problems. Typically, one computes search directions using a classic expression for the policy gradient called the Policy Gradient Theorem, which decomposes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Sujay Bhatt , Alec Koppel , Vikram Krishnamurthy

Standard variational lower bounds used to train latent variable models produce biased estimates of most quantities of interest. We introduce an unbiased estimator of the log marginal likelihood and its gradients for latent variable models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Yucen Luo , Alex Beatson , Mohammad Norouzi , Jun Zhu , David Duvenaud , Ryan P. Adams , Ricky T. Q. Chen