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In 1969, Strassen shocked the world by showing that two n x n matrices could be multiplied in time asymptotically less than $O(n^3)$. While the recursive construction in his algorithm is very clear, the key gain was made by showing that 2 x…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-09-01 Joshua A. Grochow , Cristopher Moore

One of the most famous conjectures in computer algebra is that matrix multiplication might be feasible in not much more than quadratic time. The best known exponent is 2.376, due to Coppersmith and Winograd. Many attempts to solve this…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2011-08-22 Nicolas T. Courtois , Gregory V. Bard , Daniel Hulme

We consider the famous Strassen algorithm for fast multiplication of matrices. We show that this algorithm has a nontrivial finite group of automorphisms of order 36 (namely the direct product of two copies of the symmetric group on 3…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-08-28 Vladimir P. Burichenko

The main purpose of this paper is pedagogical. Despite its importance, all proofs of the correctness of Strassen's famous 1969 algorithm to multiply two 2x2 matrices with only seven multiplications involve some basis-dependent calculations…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Christian Ikenmeyer , Vladimir Lysikov

In this work the algorithms of fast multiplication of matrices are considered. To any algorithm there associated a certain group of automorphisms. These automorphism groups are found for some well-known algorithms, including algorithms of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-08-06 V. P. Burichenko

We show how to construct highly symmetric algorithms for matrix multiplication. In particular, we consider algorithms which decompose the matrix multiplication tensor into a sum of rank-1 tensors, where the decomposition itself consists of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Joshua A. Grochow , Cristopher Moore

In 1969 Strassen showed surprisingly that it is possible to multiply two 2 x 2 matrices using seven multiplications and 18 additions, instead of the naive eight multiplications and four additions. The number of additions was later reduced…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Erik Mårtensson , Paul Stankovski Wagner , Joshua Stapleton

Fast matrix multiplication can be described as searching for low-rank decompositions of the matrix--multiplication tensor. We design a neural architecture, \textsc{StrassenNet}, which reproduces the Strassen algorithm for $2\times 2$…

We consider the techniques behind the current best algorithms for matrix multiplication. Our results are threefold. (1) We provide a unifying framework, showing that all known matrix multiplication running times since 1986 can be achieved…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-12-21 Josh Alman , Virginia Vassilevska Williams

Laderman discovered a scheme for computing the product of two 3x3 matrices using only 23 multiplications in 1976. Since then, some more such schemes were proposed, but it remains open how many there are and whether there exist schemes with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Marijn J. H. Heule , Manuel Kauers , Martina Seidl

A tight $\Omega((n/\sqrt{M})^{\log_2 7}M)$ lower bound is derived on the \io complexity of Strassen's algorithm to multiply two $n \times n$ matrices, in a two-level storage hierarchy with $M$ words of fast memory. A proof technique is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-05-10 Gianfranco Bilardi , Lorenzo De Stefani

Matrix multiplication is a cornerstone operation in a wide array of scientific fields, including machine learning and computer graphics. The standard algorithm for matrix multiplication has a complexity of $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ for $n\times n$…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Afzal Ahmad , Linfeng Du , Wei Zhang

Determining the asymptotic algebraic complexity of matrix multiplication, succinctly represented by the matrix multiplication exponent $\omega$, is a central problem in algebraic complexity theory. The best upper bounds on $\omega$, leading…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Matthias Christandl , Péter Vrana , Jeroen Zuiddam

Obeying constraints imposed by classical physics, we give optimal fine-grained algorithms for matrix multiplication and problems involving graphs and mazes, where all calculations are done in 3-dimensional space. We assume that whatever the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Quentin F. Stout

The complexity of matrix multiplication (hereafter MM) has been intensively studied since 1969, when Strassen surprisingly decreased the exponent 3 in the cubic cost of the straightforward classical MM to log 2 (7) $\approx$ 2.8074.…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2016-12-20 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Victor Pan

Volker Strassen first suggested an algorithm to multiply matrices with worst case running time less than the conventional $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ operations in 1969. He also presented a recursive algorithm with which to invert matrices, and…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Zak Tonks

The complexity of matrix multiplication is measured in terms of $\omega$, the smallest real number such that two $n\times n$ matrices can be multiplied using $O(n^{\omega+\epsilon})$ field operations for all $\epsilon>0$; the best bound…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Josh Alman , Virginia Vassilevska Williams

We construct a Neural Network that approximates the matrix multiplication operator for any activation function such that there exists a Neural Network which can approximate the scalar multiplication function. In particular, we use the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Gonzalo Romera , Jon Asier Bárcena-Petisco

We propose a non-commutative algorithm for multiplying 2x2 matrices using 7 coefficient products. This algorithm reaches simultaneously a better accuracy in practice compared to previously known such fast algorithms, and a time complexity…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-07-01 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Clément Pernet , Alexandre Sedoglavic

We explore new approaches for finding matrix multiplication algorithms in the commutative setting by adapting the flip graph technique: a method previously shown to be effective for discovering fast algorithms in the non-commutative case.…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Isaac Wood
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