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The surface code family is a promising approach to implementing fault-tolerant quantum computations. Universal fault-tolerance requires error-corrected non-Clifford operations, in addition to Clifford gates, and for the former, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Younghun Kim , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

The overhead cost of performing universal fault-tolerant quantum computation for large scale quantum algorithms is very high. Despite several attempts at alternative schemes, magic state distillation remains one of the most efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-30 Christopher Chamberland , Kyungjoo Noh

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes can encode many logical qubits within a single code block at low physical qubit overhead, yet magic state injection into such codes remains largely underexplored. Existing state injection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Kun Liu , Shifan Xu , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Zhiyang He , Shraddha Singh , Yongshan Ding

We develop a procedure for distilling magic states used in universal quantum computing that requires substantially fewer initial resources than prior schemes. Our distillation circuit is based on a family of concatenated quantum codes that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-10 Cody Jones

Quantum error correction is a cornerstone of reliable quantum computing, with surface codes emerging as a prominent method for protecting quantum information. Surface codes are efficient for Clifford gates but require magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Avimita Chatterjee , Archisman Ghosh , Swaroop Ghosh

Magic State Distillation is considered to be one of the promising methods for supplying the non-Clifford resources required to achieve universal fault tolerance. Conventional MSD protocols implemented in surface codes often require multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Shifan Xu , Kun Liu , Patrick Rall , Zhiyang He , Yongshan Ding

We show that using qutrits rather than qubits leads to a substantial reduction in the overhead cost associated with an approach to fault-tolerant quantum computing known as magic state distillation. We construct a family of $[[9m-k, k,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Shiroman Prakash , Tanay Saha

Magic State Distillation (MSD) has been a research focus for fault-tolerant quantum computing due to the need for non-Clifford resource in gaining quantum advantage. Although many of the MSD protocols so far are based on stabilizer codes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Yunzhe Zheng , Dong E. Liu

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance have provided the possibility for large scale quantum computations without a detrimental loss of quantum information. A very natural class of gates for fault-tolerant quantum computation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-12 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Yafei Yu , Bassam Helou , Raymond Laflamme

Magic state distillation is one of the leading candidates for implementing universal fault-tolerant logical gates. However, the distillation circuits themselves are not fault-tolerant, so there is additional cost to first implement encoded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Christopher Chamberland , Andrew W. Cross

We propose families of protocols for magic state distillation -- important components of fault tolerance schemes --- for systems of odd prime dimension. Our protocols utilize quantum Reed-Muller codes with transversal non-Clifford gates. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-01 Earl T. Campbell , Hussain Anwar , Dan E. Browne

Determining the best attainable threshold for qudit magic state distillation is directly related to the question of whether or not contextuality is sufficient for universal quantum computation. We show that the performance of a qudit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Shiroman Prakash , Rishabh Singhal

The leading paradigm for performing computation on quantum memories can be encapsulated as distill-then-synthesize. Initially, one performs several rounds of distillation to create high-fidelity magic states that provide one good T gate, an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-15 Earl T. Campbell , Mark Howard

Magic states are fundamental building blocks on the road to fault-tolerant quantum computing. CSS codes play a crucial role in the construction of magic distillation protocols. Previous work has cast quantum computing with magic states for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Rhea Alexander , Si Gvirtz-Chen , Nikolaos Koukoulekidis , David Jennings

Magic state distillation is a key component of fault-tolerant quantum computation, as it enables the implementation of non-Clifford gates such as the $T$ gate and the $CCZ$ gate via gate teleportation. However, conventional distillation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Tomohiro Itogawa , Yutaka Hirano , Yutaro Akahoshi , Keisuke Fujii

We analyse a model for fault-tolerant quantum computation with low overhead suitable for situations where the noise is biased. The basis for this scheme is a gadget for the fault-tolerant preparation of magic states that enable universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-07 Paul Webster , Stephen D. Bartlett , David Poulin

Magic state distillation is a leading but costly approach to fault-tolerant quantum computation, and it is important to explore all possible ways of minimizing its overhead cost. The number of ancillae required to produce a magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Tanay Saha , Shiroman Prakash

We present a resource analysis for generating high-fidelity logical magic states on silicon spin-qubit platforms. We consider a range of architectures, including a shuttling-based SpinBus design, a dense nearest-neighbor layout, and a…

Magic state distillation (MSD) is a purification protocol that plays a central role in fault tolerant quantum computation. Repeated iteration of the steps of a MSD protocol, generates pure single non-stabilizer states, or magic states, from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-11 Hussain Anwar , Earl T. Campbell , Dan E. Browne

Magic state distillation plays a crucial role in fault-tolerant quantum computation and represents a major bottleneck. In contrast to traditional logical-level distillation, physical-level distillation offers significant overhead reduction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Yutaka Hirano , Riki Toshio , Tomohiro Itogawa , Keisuke Fujii