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We investigate the magic number problem, that is, the question whether there exists a minimal n-state nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) whose equivalent minimal deterministic finite automaton (DFA) has alpha states, for all n and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-08-11 Markus Holzer , Sebastian Jakobi , Martin Kutrib

A pattern is encountered in a word if some infix of the word is the image of the pattern under some non-erasing morphism. A pattern $p$ is unavoidable if, over every finite alphabet, every sufficiently long word encounters $p$. A theorem by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-02-15 Arnaud Carayol , Stefan Göller

Given a nondeterministic finite-state automaton (NFA), we aim to estimate the size of an equivalent deterministic finite-state automaton (DFA). We demonstrate that computing the state complexity of an NFA within polynomial precision is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ivan Baburin , Ryan Cotterell

Families of DFAs (FDFAs) provide an alternative formalism for recognizing $\omega$-regular languages. The motivation for introducing them was a desired correlation between the automaton states and right congruence relations, in a manner…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Dana Angluin , Udi Boker , Dana Fisman

We present a report from a series of experiments involving computation of the shortest reset words for automata with small number of states. We confirm that the \v{C}ern\'{y} conjecture is true for all automata with at most 11 states on 2…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-01-11 Jakub Kowalski , Marek Szykuła

Let $A(n,d)$ be the maximum number of $0,1$ words of length $n$, any two having Hamming distance at least $d$. We prove $A(20,8)=256$, which implies that the quadruply shortened Golay code is optimal. Moreover, we show $A(18,6)\leq 673$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-05-28 Dion C. Gijswijt , Hans D. Mittelmann , Alexander Schrijver

We examine the open problem of finding the shortest string that contains each of the n! permutations of n symbols as contiguous substrings (i.e., the shortest superpermutation on n symbols). It has been conjectured that the shortest…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-23 Nathaniel Johnston

Previously, self-verifying symmetric difference automata were defined and a tight bound of 2^n-1-1 was shown for state complexity in the unary case. We now consider the non-unary case and show that, for every n at least 2, there is a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-23 Laurette Marais , Lynette van Zijl

In this paper, we determine the maximum number of distinct Lyndon factors that a word of length $n$ can contain. We also derive formulas for the expected total number of Lyndon factors in a word of length $n$ on an alphabet of size…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-05 Amy Glen , Jamie Simpson , W. F. Smyth

In the constrained synchronization problem we ask if a given automaton admits a synchronizing word coming from a fixed regular constraint language. We show that intersecting a given constraint language with an ideal language decreases the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Stefan Hoffmann

Learning finite automata from positive examples has recently gained attention as a powerful approach for understanding, explaining, analyzing, and verifying black-box systems. The motivation for focusing solely on positive examples arises…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Benjamin Bordais , Daniel Neider

In the past thirty years, numerous algorithms for building the suffix array of a string have been proposed. In 2021, the notion of suffix array was extended from strings to DFAs, and it was shown that the resulting data structure can be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Nicola Cotumaccio

Following (Kolpakov et al., 2013; Gawrychowski and Manea, 2015), we continue the study of {\em $\alpha$-gapped repeats} in strings, defined as factors $uvu$ with $|uv|\leq \alpha |u|$. Our main result is the $O(\alpha n)$ bound on the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-10-05 Maxime Crochemore , Roman Kolpakov , Gregory Kucherov

A Wheeler automaton is a finite state automaton whose states admit a total Wheeler order, reflecting the co-lexicographic order of the strings labeling source-to-node paths. A Wheeler language is a regular language admitting an accepting…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Ruben Becker , Davide Cenzato , Sung-Hwan Kim , Bojana Kodric , Alberto Policriti , Nicola Prezza

The asynchronous automaton associated with a Boolean network $f:\{0,1\}^n\to\{0,1\}^n$ is considered in many applications. It is the finite deterministic automaton with set of states $\{0,1\}^n$, alphabet $\{1,\dots,n\}$, where the action…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-12 Julio Aracena , Maximilien Gadouleau , Adrien Richard , Lilian Salinas

In this paper we examine decision problems associated with various classes of convex languages, studied by Ang and Brzozowski (under the name "continuous languages"). We show that we can decide whether a given language L is prefix-,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-04-14 Janusz Brzozowski , Jeffrey Shallit , Zhi Xu

The number of frequencies of factors of length $n+1$ in a recurrent aperiodic infinite word does not exceed $3\Delta \C(n)$, where $\Delta \C (n)$ is the first difference of factor complexity, as shown by Boshernitzan. Pelantov\'a together…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-02-05 Lubomira Balkova

Considering a short frame length, which is typical in Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency and massive Machine Type Communications, a trade-off exists between improving the performance of frame synchronization (FS) and improving the performance of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Alex The Phuong Nguyen , Raphaël Le Bidan , Frédéric Guilloud

We use a semigroup-theoretic construction by Peter Higgins in order to produce, for each even $n$, an $n$-state and 3-letter synchronizing automaton with the following two features: 1) all its input letters act as idempotent selfmaps of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Mikhail Volkov

We show that a well-known family of deterministic finite automata can be used to distinguish distinct binary strings of the same length from every start state. Further, we establish almost matching lower and upper bounds on the number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Nicholas Tran