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Several studies have been conducted on understanding third-party user tracking on the web. However, web trackers can only track users on sites where they are embedded by the publisher, thus obtaining a fragmented view of a user's online…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Anupama Aggarwal , Bimal Viswanath , Saravana Kumar , Ayush Shah , Liang Zhang , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

To protect users' privacy, legislators have regulated the usage of tracking technologies, mandating the acquisition of users' consent before collecting data. Consequently, websites started showing more and more consent management modules --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Luca Vassio , Marco Mellia

The privacy implications of third-party tracking is a well-studied problem. Recent research has shown that besides data aggregators and behavioral advertisers, online social networks also act as trackers via social widgets. Existing cookie…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Istemi Ekin Akkus , Nicholas Weaver

On today's Web, users trade access to their private data for content and services. Advertising sustains the business model of many websites and applications. Efficient and successful advertising relies on predicting users' actions and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-05-25 Silvia Puglisi , David Rebollo-Monedero , Jordi Forné

Growth in technology has resulted in the large-scale collection and processing of Personally Identifiable Information by organizations that run digital services such as websites, which led to the emergence of new legislation to regulate PII…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Abdirahman Mohamed , Christopher Dare , Ayobami Esther Olanrewaju , Mercyleen Tanui , Fonyuy Boris Lami

We present Tracking Protection in the Mozilla Firefox web browser. Tracking Protection is a new privacy technology to mitigate invasive tracking of users' online activity by blocking requests to tracking domains. We evaluate our approach…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Georgios Kontaxis , Monica Chew

Third-party networks collect vast amounts of data about users via web sites and mobile applications. Consolidations among tracker companies can significantly increase their individual tracking capabilities, prompting scrutiny by competition…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Reuben Binns , Jun Zhao , Max Van Kleek , Nigel Shadbolt

On the modern web, trackers and advertisers frequently construct and monetize users' detailed behavioral profiles without consent. Despite various studies on web tracking mechanisms and advertisements, there has been no rigorous study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Zahra Moti , Asuman Senol , Hamid Bostani , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius , Veelasha Moonsamy , Arunesh Mathur , Gunes Acar

Websites use third-party ads and tracking services to deliver targeted ads and collect information about users that visit them. These services put users' privacy at risk, and that is why users' demand for blocking these services is growing.…

To what extent are users surveilled on the web, by what technologies, and by whom? We answer these questions by combining passively observed, anonymized browsing data of a large, representative sample of Americans with domain-level data on…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-01 Lucas Shen , Gaurav Sood

Browser fingerprinting is a relatively new method of uniquely identifying browsers that can be used to track web users. In some ways it is more privacy-threatening than tracking via cookies, as users have no direct control over it. A number…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah , Wanpeng Li , Chris J Mitchell

Third party advertising and tracking (A&T) are pervasive across the web, yet user exposure varies significantly with browser choice, browsing location, and hosting jurisdiction. We systematically study how these three factors shape tracking…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Tanya Prasad , Rut Vora , Soo Yee Lim , Nguyen Phong Hoang , Thomas Pasquier

Online tracking is a widespread practice on the web with questionable ethics, security, and privacy concerns. While web tracking can offer personalized and curated content to Internet users, it operates as a sophisticated surveillance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Seyed Ali Akhavani , Engin Kirda , Amin Kharraz

Zoom serves millions of users daily and allows third-party developers to integrate their apps with the Zoom client and reach those users. So far, these apps' privacy and security aspects, which can access rich audio-visual data (among…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Saharsh Goenka , Adit Prabhu , Payge Sakurai , Mrinaal Ramachandran , Rakibul Hasan

The Web is a tangled mass of interconnected services, where websites import a range of external resources from various third-party domains. However, the latter can further load resources hosted on other domains. For each website, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Muhammad Ikram , Rahat Masood , Gareth Tyson , Mohamed Ali Kaafar , Noha Loizon , Roya Ensafi

On the internet, we encounter take-it-or-leave-it choices regarding our privacy on a daily basis. In Europe, online tracking for targeted advertising generally requires the internet users' consent to be lawful. Some websites use a tracking…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius , Sanne Kruikemeier , Sophie C. Boerman , Natali Helberger

During the past few years, mostly as a result of the GDPR and the CCPA, websites have started to present users with cookie consent banners. These banners are web forms where the users can state their preference and declare which cookies…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Emmanouil Papadogiannakis , Panagiotis Papadopoulos , Nicolas Kourtellis , Evangelos P. Markatos

This study investigates the mechanisms of Surveillance Capitalism, focusing on personal data transfer during web navigation and searching. Analyzing network traffic reveals how various entities track and harvest digital footprints. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Antony Seabra de Medeiros , Luiz Afonso Glatzl Junior , Sergio Lifschitz

Online user privacy and tracking have been extensively studied in recent years, especially due to privacy and personal data-related legislations in the EU and the USA, such as the General Data Protection Regulation, ePrivacy Regulation, and…

Websites with hyper-partisan, left or right-leaning focus offer content that is typically biased towards the expectations of their target audience. Such content often polarizes users, who are repeatedly primed to specific (extreme) content,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Pushkal Agarwal , Sagar Joglekar , Panagiotis Papadopoulos , Nishanth Sastry , Nicolas Kourtellis