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Contextuality is a feature of quantum correlations. It is crucial from a foundational perspective as a nonclassical phenomenon, and from an applied perspective as a resource for quantum advantage. It is commonly defined in terms of hidden…

Recent years have seen new general notions of contextuality emerge. Most of these employ context-independent symbols to represent random variables in different contexts. As an example, the operational theory of Spekkens [1] treats an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-16 Mojtaba Aliakbarzadeh , Kirsty Kitto

Models of a phenomenon are often developed by examining it under different experimental conditions, or measurement contexts. The resultant probabilistic models assume that the underlying random variables, which define a measurable set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Peter D. Bruza

Contextuality is a defining feature that separates the quantum from the classical descriptions of physical systems. Within the marginal-scenario framework, noncontextual models are characterized by the existence of a single joint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Andrea Navoni , Marco G. Genoni , Andrea Smirne

Most behavioral and social experiments aimed at revealing contextuality are confined to cyclic systems with binary outcomes. In quantum physics, this broad class of systems includes as special cases Klyachko-Can-Binicioglu-Shumovsky-type,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-12 Ehtibar Dzhafarov , Ru Zhang , Janne Kujala

This paper has two purposes. One is to demonstrate contextuality analysis of systems of epistemic random variables. The other is to evaluate the performance of a new, hierarchical version of the measure of (non)contextuality introduced in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-09-04 Víctor H. Cervantes , Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

In quantum physics the term `contextual' can be used in more than one way. One usage, here called `Bell contextual' since the idea goes back to Bell, is that if $A$, $B$ and $C$ are three quantum observables, with $A$ compatible (i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-19 Robert B. Griffiths

Cyclic systems of dichotomous random variables have played a prominent role in contextuality research, describing such experimental paradigms as the Klyachko-Can-Binicoglu-Shumovky, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bell, and Leggett-Garg ones in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-19 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala , Víctor H. Cervantes

We present general principles underlying analysis of the dependence of random variables (outputs) on deterministic conditions (inputs). Random outputs recorded under mutually exclusive input values are labeled by these values and considered…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-27 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala

Contextuality describes the nontrivial dependence of measurement outcomes on particular choices of jointly measurable observables. In this work we review and generalize the bundle diagram representation introduced in [S. Abramsky et al.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-28 Kerstin Beer , Tobias J. Osborne

Contextuality - the obstruction to describing quantum mechanics in a classical statistical way - has been proposed as a resource that powers quantum computing. The measurement-based model provides a concrete manifestation of contextuality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-12 Markus Frembs , Sam Roberts , Stephen D. Bartlett

Anomaly detection aims to identify observations that deviate from expected behavior. Because anomalous events are inherently sparse, most frameworks are trained exclusively on normal data to learn a single reference model of normality. This…

Contextuality is central to both the foundations of quantum theory and to the novel information processing tasks. Although it was recognized before Bell's nonlocality, despite some recent proposals, it still faces a fundamental problem: how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-02 A. Grudka , K. Horodecki , M. Horodecki , P. Horodecki , R. Horodecki , P. Joshi , W. Kłobus , A. Wójcik

Traditionally categorical data analysis (e.g. generalized linear models) works with simple, flat datasets akin to a single table in a database with no notion of missing data or conflicting versions. In contrast, modern data analysis must…

Databases · Computer Science 2017-08-11 Jason Morton

We introduce a new notion, that of a contextuality profile of a system of random variables. Rather than characterizing a system's contextuality by a single number, its overall degree of contextuality, we show how it can be characterized by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Victor H. Cervantes

Contextuality provides a unifying paradigm for nonclassical aspects of quantum probabilities and resources of quantum information. Unfortunately, most forms of quantum contextuality remain experimentally unexplored due to the difficulty of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Adán Cabello

The notion of (non)contextuality pertains to sets of properties measured one subset (context) at a time. We extend this notion to include so-called inconsistently connected systems, in which the measurements of a given property in different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-17 Janne V. Kujala , Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Jan-Åke Larsson

Generalized contextuality refers to our inability of explaining measurement statistics using a context-independent probabilistic and ontological model. On the other hand, measurement statistics can also be modeled using the framework of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-03 Farid Shahandeh

Contextuality, a key resource for quantum advantage, describes systems in which the outcome of a measurement is not independent of other compatible measurements, in contrast to classical hidden-variable descriptions. We investigate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Caroline Lima , María Rosa Preciado-Rivas , Sanchit Srivastava

A primary goal in recent research on contextuality has been to extend this concept to cases of inconsistent connectedness, where observables have different distributions in different contexts. This article proposes a solution within the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-07 Matt Jones