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Echo State Networks (ESN) are a class of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) that has gained substantial popularity due to their effectiveness, ease of use and potential for compact hardware implementation. An ESN contains the three network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Luca Carcano , Emanuele Plebani , Danilo Pietro Pau , Marco Piastra

Countless learning tasks require dealing with sequential data. Image captioning, speech synthesis, and music generation all require that a model produce outputs that are sequences. In other domains, such as time series prediction, video…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-10-20 Zachary C. Lipton , John Berkowitz , Charles Elkan

Machine learning has become a fundamental approach for modeling, prediction, and control, enabling systems to learn from data and perform complex tasks. Reservoir computing is a machine learning tool that leverages high-dimensional…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Sahand Tangerami , Nicholas A. Mecholsky , Francesco Sorrentino

Reservoir computing (RC) is a machine learning algorithm that can learn complex time series from data very rapidly based on the use of high-dimensional dynamical systems, such as random networks of neurons, called "reservoirs." To implement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Timothée Leleu , Kazuyuki Aihara

In this paper, we present a biologically grounded approach to reservoir computing (RC), in which a network of cultured biological neurons serves as the reservoir substrate. This system, referred to as biological reservoir computing (BRC),…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Ludovico Iannello , Luca Ciampi , Fabrizio Tonelli , Gabriele Lagani , Lucio Maria Calcagnile , Federico Cremisi , Angelo Di Garbo , Giuseppe Amato

We introduce a novel class of untrained Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) within the Reservoir Computing (RC) paradigm, called Residual Reservoir Memory Networks (ResRMNs). ResRMN combines a linear memory reservoir with a non-linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Matteo Pinna , Andrea Ceni , Claudio Gallicchio

Approximation capability of reservoir systems whose reservoir is a recurrent neural network (RNN) is discussed. We show what we call uniform strong universality of RNN reservoir systems for a certain class of dynamical systems. This means…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Hiroki Yasumoto , Toshiyuki Tanaka

Recurrent neural networks are a widely used class of neural architectures. They have, however, two shortcomings. First, it is difficult to understand what exactly they learn. Second, they tend to work poorly on sequences requiring long-term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-08 Cheng Wang , Mathias Niepert

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are known to be universal approximators of dynamic systems under fairly mild and general assumptions. However, RNNs usually suffer from the issues of vanishing and exploding gradients in standard RNN…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Shashank Jere , Lizhong Zheng , Karim Said , Lingjia Liu

Reservoir computing is a powerful framework for real-time information processing, characterized by its high computational ability and quick learning, with applications ranging from machine learning to biological systems. In this paper, we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-10-24 Shotaro Takasu , Toshio Aoyagi

From logical reasoning to mental simulation, biological and artificial neural systems possess an incredible capacity for computation. Such neural computers offer a fundamentally novel computing paradigm by representing data continuously and…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-03-11 Jason Z. Kim , Dani S. Bassett

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are a key technology for applications such as automatic speech recognition or machine translation. Unlike conventional feed-forward DNNs, RNNs remember past information to improve the accuracy of future…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Franyell Silfa , Jose-Maria Arnau , Antonio González

Reservoir computing (RC) represents a class of state-space models (SSMs) characterized by a fixed state transition mechanism (the reservoir) and a flexible readout layer that maps from the state space. It is a paradigm of computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Pradeep Singh , Ashutosh Kumar , Sutirtha Ghosh , Hrishit B P , Balasubramanian Raman

Forecasting high-dimensional spatiotemporal systems remains computationally challenging for recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) models due to gradient-based training and memory bottlenecks. Reservoir Computing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Ata Akbari Asanjan , Filip Wudarski , Daniel O'Connor , Shaun Geaney , Elena Strbac , P. Aaron Lott , Davide Venturelli

Differentiable neural computers extend artificial neural networks with an explicit memory without interference, thus enabling the model to perform classic computation tasks such as graph traversal. However, such models are difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Benjamin Paaßen , Alexander Schulz , Terrence C. Stewart , Barbara Hammer

Over the long history of machine learning, which dates back several decades, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been used mainly for sequential data and time series and generally with 1D information. Even in some rare studies on 2D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Nguyen Huu Phong , Bernardete Ribeiro

In this paper, we present a neuro-inspired approach to reservoir computing (RC) in which a network of in vitro cultured cortical neurons serves as the physical reservoir. Rather than relying on artificial recurrent models to approximate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Luca Ciampi , Ludovico Iannello , Fabrizio Tonelli , Gabriele Lagani , Angelo Di Garbo , Federico Cremisi , Giuseppe Amato

Deep learning techniques have shown promise in many domain applications. This paper proposes a novel deep reservoir computing framework, termed deep recurrent stochastic configuration network (DeepRSCN) for modelling nonlinear dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Gang Dang , Dianhui Wang

Reservoir computing (RC) is a state-of-the-art machine learning method that makes use of the power of dynamical systems (the reservoir) for real-time inference. When using biological complex systems as reservoir substrates, it serves as a…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2026-03-03 Mario U. Gaimann , Miriam Klopotek

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to optimize the design of Reservoir Computing using Cellular Automata models for time series applications. Besides selecting the models' hyperparameters, the proposed algorithm particularly solves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Jonas Kantic , Fabian C. Legl , Walter Stechele , Jakob Hermann