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We present techniques for performing two-qubit gates on Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) codes with finite energy, and find that operations designed for ideal infinite-energy codes create undesired entanglement when applied to physically…

Gottesman, Kitaev and Preskill have proposed a scheme to encode a qubit in a harmonic oscillator, which is called the GKP code. It is designed to be resistant to small shift errors contained in momentum and position quadratures. Thus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-02 Yang Wang

In order to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing, we make use of quantum error correction schemes designed to protect the logical information of the system from decoherence. A promising way to preserve such information is to use the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Marc-Antoine Roy , Thomas Pousset , Baptiste Royer

The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code is an exciting route to fault-tolerant quantum computing since Gaussian resources and GKP Pauli-eigenstate preparation are sufficient to achieve universal quantum computing. In this work, we provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-08 Mackenzie H. Shaw , Andrew C. Doherty , Arne L. Grimsmo

We construct stabilizer states and error-correcting codes on combinations of discrete- and continuous-variable systems, generalizing the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) quantum lattice formalism. Our framework absorbs the discrete phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Sayan Chakraborty , Victor V. Albert

Decoherence errors arising from noisy environments remain a central obstacle to progress in quantum computation and information processing. Quantum error correction (QEC) based on the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) protocol offers a…

Straightforward logical operations contrasting with complex state preparation are the hallmarks of the bosonic encoding proposed by Gottesman, Kitaev and Preskill (GKP). The recently reported generation and error-correction of GKP qubits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Christian Siegele , Philippe Campagne-Ibarcq

Classically simulating circuits with bosonic codes is challenging due to the prohibitive cost of simulating quantum systems with many, possibly infinite, energy levels. We propose an algorithm to simulate circuits with encoded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Cameron Calcluth , Oliver Hahn , Juani Bermejo-Vega , Alessandro Ferraro , Giulia Ferrini

Bosonic quantum error correction encodes a logical qubit in an oscillator, avoiding the hardware overhead of large qubit arrays. Among such encodings, Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states are paticularly powerful because their phase-space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Zi-Xu Lu , Gang Liu , Matteo Fadel , Jie Li

Quantum computation with light, compared with other platforms, offers the unique benefit of natural high-speed operations at room temperature and large clock rate, but a big obstacle of photonics is the lack of strong nonlinearities which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Kosuke Fukui , Peter van Loock

Quantum technologies, encompassing communication, computation, and metrology, rely on the generation and control of non-Gaussian states of light. These states enable secure quantum communication, fault-tolerant quantum computation, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Ozlem Erkilic , Aritra Das , Biveen Shajilal , Ping Koy Lam , Timothy C. Ralph , Syed M. Assad

GKP codes encode a qubit in displaced phase space combs of a continuous-variable (CV) quantum system and are useful for correcting a variety of high-weight photonic errors. Here we propose atomic ensemble analogues of the single-mode CV GKP…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-06 Sivaprasad Omanakuttan , T. J. Volkoff

I present a new approach for designing quantum error-correcting codes that guarantees a physically natural implementation of Clifford operations. Inspired by the scheme put forward by Gottesman, Kitaev, and Preskill for encoding a qubit in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-07 Jonathan A. Gross

We provide a theoretical framework for encoding arbitrary logical states of a quantum bit (qubit) into a continuous-variable quantum mode through quantum walks. Starting with a squeezed-vacuum state of the quantum mode, we show that quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 Chai-Yu Lin , Wang-Chang Su , Shin-Tza Wu

Physical Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states are inherently noisy as ideal ones would require infinite energy. While this is typically considered as a deficiency to be actively corrected, this work demonstrates that imperfect GKP…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Fariba Hosseinynejad , Pavithran Iyer , Guillaume Dauphinais , David L. Feder

The scalability of photonic implementations of fault-tolerant quantum computing based on Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubits is injured by the requirements of inline squeezing and reconfigurability of the linear optical network. In this…

We extend the controlled displacement interaction between a qubit and a harmonic oscillator to the multi-qubit (qudit) case. We define discrete quadratures of the qudit and show how the qudit state can be displaced in these quadratures…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-09 Anders J. E. Bjerrum , Ulrik L. Andersen , Peter Rabl

The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code encodes a logical qubit into a bosonic system with resilience against single-photon loss, the predominant error in most bosonic systems. Here we present experimental results demonstrating quantum…

With the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) encoding, Clifford gates and error correction can be carried out using simple Gaussian operations. Still, non-Clifford gates, required for universality, require non-Gaussian elements. In their…

Bosonic quantum error correction codes encode logical qubits in the Hilbert space of one or multiple harmonic oscillators. A prominent class of bosonic codes is that of Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) codes of which implementations have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-28 Leon H. Bohnmann , David F. Locher , Johannes Zeiher , Markus Müller