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Human communication, the essence of collective social phenomena ranging from small-scale organizations to worldwide online platforms, features intense reciprocal interactions between members in order to achieve stability, cohesion, and…

In this Letter, we empirically study the influence of reciprocal links, in order to understand its role in affecting the structure and function of directed social networks. Experimental results on two representative datesets, Sina Weibo and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-16 Yu-Xiao Zhu , Xiao-Guang Zhang , Gui-Quan Sun , Ming Tang , Tao Zhou , Zi-Ke Zhang

Many online social networks are fundamentally directed, i.e., they consist of both reciprocal edges (i.e., edges that have already been linked back) and parasocial edges (i.e., edges that haven't been linked back). Thus, understanding the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2014-04-16 Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Wenchang Xu

Generalized reciprocity -- the tendency to help others after receiving help oneself -- is widely theorized as a mechanism sustaining cooperation on online knowledge-sharing platforms. Yet robust empirical evidence from field settings…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Lenard Strahringer , Sven Eric Prüß , Kai Riemer

We study the detailed growth of a social networking site with full temporal information by examining the creation process of each friendship relation that can collectively lead to the macroscopic properties of the network. We first study…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-03 Haibo Hu , Xiaofan Wang

Social media users exhibit diverse behavioral patterns as platforms function simultaneously as information and friendship networks. We introduce a reciprocity-based framework mapping users onto two-dimensional space defined by bidirectional…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Shiori Hironaka , Hayato Oshimo , Mitsuo Yoshida , Kyoji Umemura

Reciprocity, or the tendency of individuals to mirror behavior, is a key measure that describes information exchange in a social network. Users in social networks tend to engage in different levels of reciprocal behavior. Differences in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-22 Daniel Cirkovic , Tiandong Wang

Directed links -- representing asymmetric social ties or interactions (e.g., "follower-followee") -- arise naturally in many social networks and other complex networks, giving rise to directed graphs (or digraphs) as basic topological…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2015-06-19 Bo Jiang , Zhi-Li Zhang , Don Towsley

All types of networks arise as intricate combinations of dyadic building blocks formed by pairs of vertices. In directed networks, the dyadic patterns are entirely determined by reciprocity, i.e. the tendency to form, or to avoid, mutual…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2014-01-14 Tiziano Squartini , Francesco Picciolo , Franco Ruzzenenti , Diego Garlaschelli

Friendship is a fundamental characteristic of human beings and usually assumed to be reciprocal in nature. Despite this common expectation, in reality, not all friendships by default are reciprocal nor created equal. Here, we show that…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-10-14 Abdullah Almaatouq , Laura Radaelli , Alex Pentland , Erez Shmueli

The peer-to-peer (P2P) economy relies on establishing trust in distributed networked systems, where the reliability of a user is assessed through digital peer-review processes that aggregate ratings into reputation scores. Here we present…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-06-15 Giacomo Livan , Fabio Caccioli , Tomaso Aste

We present a probabilistic generative model and efficient algorithm to model reciprocity in directed networks. Unlike other methods that address this problem such as exponential random graphs, it assigns latent variables as community…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Hadiseh Safdari , Martina Contisciani , Caterina De Bacco

Many complex systems change their structure over time, in these cases dynamic networks can provide a richer representation of such phenomena. As a consequence, many inference methods have been generalized to the dynamic case with the aim to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Hadiseh Safdari , Martina Contisciani , Caterina De Bacco

Reciprocity, or the stochastic tendency for actors to form mutual relationships, is an essential characteristic of directed network data. Existing latent space approaches to modeling directed networks are severely limited by the assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-28 Joshua Daniel Loyal , Xiangyu Wu , Jonathan R. Stewart

This article presents a novel approach for learning low-dimensional distributed representations of users in online social networks. Existing methods rely on the network structure formed by the social relationships among users to extract…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Harvineet Singh , Amitabha Bagchi , Parag Singla

The study of human interactions is of central importance for understanding the behavior of individuals, groups and societies. Here, we observe the formation and evolution of networks by monitoring the addition of all new links and we…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-02-01 Lazaros K. Gallos , Diego Rybski , Fredrik Liljeros , Shlomo Havlin , Hernan A. Makse

Many social networks in our daily life are bipartite networks built on reciprocity. How can we recommend users/friends to a user, so that the user is interested in and attractive to recommended users? In this research, we propose a new…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2014-02-24 Kang Zhao , Xi Wang , Mo Yu , Bo Gao

We observe that the human trajectory is not only forward predictable, but also backward predictable. Both forward and backward trajectories follow the same social norms and obey the same physical constraints with the only difference in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Hao Sun , Zhiqun Zhao , Zhihai He

How popular a topic or an opinion appears to be in a network can be very different from its actual popularity. For example, in an online network of a social media platform, the number of people who mention a topic in their posts---i.e., its…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Nazanin Alipourfard , Buddhika Nettasinghe , Andres Abeliuk , Vikram Krishnamurthy , Kristina Lerman

People often interact repeatedly: with relatives, through file sharing, in politics, etc. Many such interactions are reciprocal: reacting to the actions of the other. In order to facilitate decisions regarding reciprocal interactions, we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-03-01 Gleb Polevoy , Mathijs de Weerdt , Catholijn Jonker
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