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A new formulation of what may be called the "fundamental theorem of the theory of relativity" is presented and proved in (3+1)-space-time, based on the full classification of special transformations and the corresponding velocity addition…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-09-06 Marco Mamone-Capria

These lecture notes provide some introduction to the 3+1 formalism of general relativity, which is the foundation of most modern numerical relativity. The text is rather self-contained, with detailed calculations and numerous examples.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Eric Gourgoulhon

The Einstein's equivalence principle is formulated in terms of the accuracy of measurements and its dependence of the size of the area of measurement. It is shown that different refinements of the statement 'the spacetime is locally flat'…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Vladik Kreinovich , R. R. Zapatrin

Many professional physicists do not fully understand the implications of the Einstein equivalence principle of general relativity. Consequently, many are unaware of the fact that special relativity is fully capable of handling accelerated…

Physics Education · Physics 2019-07-05 R. A. Pepino , R. W. Mabile

We discuss the nature and a general formulation of the relativity principle and we show that it can be justified starting from a strictly operational point of view. We give some remark on the connection with the spacetime symmetry groups.…

Classical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Toller

Several versions of the Gravitational Time Dilation effect of General Relativity are formulated by the use of Einstein's Equivalence Principle. It is shown that all of them are logical consequence of a first-order axiom system of Special…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-09-19 Judit X. Madarasz , Istvan Nemeti , Gergely Szekely

We consider discretizations of the Einstein action of general relativity such that the resulting discrete equations of motion form a consistent constrained system. Upon ``spin foam'' quantization of the system, consistency allows a natural…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Rodolfo Gambini , Jorge Pullin

Four principles are proposed to underlie the quantum theory of gravity. We show that these suffice to recover the Einstein equations. We also suggest that MOND results from a modification of the classical equivalence principle, due to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-10-07 Lee Smolin

The complex relationship between Einstein's second postulate and the Maxwell electromagnetic theory is elucidated. A simple deduction of the main results of the Ignatowski approach to the theory of relativity is given. The peculiar status…

Classical Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 D V Redžić

The Lorentz transformations are represented on the ball of relativistically admissible velocities by Einstein velocity addition and rotations. This representation is by projective maps. The relativistic dynamic equation can be derived by…

Classical Physics · Physics 2010-08-23 Yaakov Friedman

Einstein's distinction between principle theories and constructive theories is methodological rather than metaphysical. Principle theories such as thermodynamics and relativity articulate empirically distilled constraints that delimit…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Galina Weinstein

It is pointed out that at present we only prove that inertial static mass and gravitational static mass are equivalent. We have not proved that inertial moving mass and gravitational moving mass are also equivalent. It is proved by the…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Mei Xiaochun

We present a way of teaching Einstein's special relativity. It starts with Galileo's relativity, the learners know from previous lectures. The lecture underlines that we can have three transformation equations for the space-time coordinates…

General Physics · Physics 2008-12-04 Bernhard Rothenstein , Corina Nafornita

The paper presents an attempt to suggest an alternative way of considering the fundamentals of Einstein's special relativity theory. Its formulation based on introducing an inertial reference system by rigid linking of clocks to a free…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ruvin Ferber

The objective of this second part of the work is to present heuristic derivations of the three classical tests of general relativity. These derivations are based on the Einstein equivalence principle and use Newtonian physics as a…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-08-27 Jorge Pinochet

We give precise details to support that observations of gravitational lensing at scales of individual, groups and clusters of galaxies can be understood in terms of non-Newtonian gravitational interactions with a relativistic structure…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-02 S. Mendoza , G. J. Olmo

A mathematical complication due to an unnecessary formal assumption concerning the variational principle of general relativity theory, which apparently bothered Einstein and Hilbert, is shown and cleared up. Some historical confusion seems…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-02-12 Peter Ostermann

We first see that the inertia of Newtonian mechanics is absolute and troublesome. General relativity can be viewed as Einstein's attempt to remedy, by making inertia relative, to matter---perhaps imperfectly though, as at least a couple of…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-11-06 Alexander Afriat , Ermenegildo Caccese

This preprint concerns a mathematically rigorous treatment of an interesting physical phenomenon in relativity theory. We would like to draw the reader's attention particularly to the abstract mathematical formalism of relativity (which was…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 T. Matolcsi , M. Matolcsi , T. Tasnádi

Based on two previous papers, the physical meaning of synchronization and simultaneity as is presented in Einstein's Special Relativity paper of 1905 is reconsidered. We follow Einstein's argumentation to introduce a criterium of…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Rodrigo de Abreu