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We introduce the Insertion Chain Complex, a higher-dimensional extension of insertion graphs, as a new framework for analyzing finite sets of words. We study its topological and combinatorial properties, in particular its homology groups,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-17 Nataša Jonoska , Francisco Martinez-Figueroa , Masahico Saito

A word $u=u_1\dots u_n$ is a scattered factor of a word $w$ if $u$ can be obtained from $w$ by deleting some of its letters: there exist the (potentially empty) words $v_0,v_1,..,v_n$ such that $w = v_0u_1v_1...u_nv_n$. The set of all…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Laura Barker , Pamela Fleischmann , Katharina Harwardt , Florin Manea , Dirk Nowotka

Given an infinite word, enumerating its factors is an important exercise for understanding the structure of the word. The process of finding all the factors is quite tricky for two-dimensional words. In this paper, two possible ways of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-21 Sivasankar Mohankumar , Rama Raghavan

A factor $u$ of a word $w$ is a cover of $w$ if every position in $w$ lies within some occurrence of $u$ in $w$. A word $w$ covered by $u$ thus generalizes the idea of a repetition, that is, a word composed of exact concatenations of $u$.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-01-03 Tomasz Kociumaka , Jakub Radoszewski , Wojciech Rytter , Solon P. Pissis , Tomasz Waleń

A reconstruction problem of words from scattered factors asks for the minimal information, like multisets of scattered factors of a given length or the number of occurrences of scattered factors from a given set, necessary to uniquely…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Pamela Fleischmann , Marie Lejeune , Florin Manea , Dirk Nowotka , Michel Rigo

To any infinite word w over a finite alphabet A we can associate two infinite words min(w) and max(w) such that any prefix of min(w) (resp. max(w)) is the lexicographically smallest (resp. greatest) amongst the factors of w of the same…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-03-16 Amy Glen

This paper is the extended version of On the Complexity of Infinite Advice Strings (ICALP 2018). We investigate a notion of comparison between infinite strings. In a general way, if M is a computation model (e.g. Turing machines) and C a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-07-19 Gaëtan Douéneau-Tabot

We show how geometric methods from the general theory of fractal dimensions and iterated function systems can be deployed to study symbolic dynamics in the zero entropy regime. More precisely, we establish a dimensional characterization of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-12-31 Gabriel Fuhrmann , Maik Gröger

A {\em subsequence} of a word $w$ is a word $u$ that can be obtained by deleting some letters from $w$ while maintaining the relative order of the remaining letters, e.g., $\mathtt{lala}$ is a subsequence of $\mathtt{alfalfa}$. A word, over…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Duncan Adamson , Pamela Fleischmann , Annika Huch , Florin Manea , Paul Sarnighausen-Cahn , Max Wiedenhöft

The problem we consider is the following: Given an infinite word $w$ on an ordered alphabet, construct the sequence $\nu_w=(\nu[n])_n$, equidistributed on $[0,1]$ and such that $\nu[m]<\nu[n]$ if and only if $\sigma^m(w)<\sigma^n(w)$, where…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-11-25 Mélodie Andrieu , Anna E. Frid

We introduce and study a complexity function on words $c_x(n),$ called \emph{cyclic complexity}, which counts the number of conjugacy classes of factors of length $n$ of an infinite word $x.$ We extend the well-known Morse-Hedlund theorem…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Julien Cassaigne , Gabriele Fici , Marinella Sciortino , Luca Q. Zamboni

In this paper we introduce and study a new complexity measure for finite words. For positive integer $d$ special scattered subwords, called super-$d$-subwords, in which the gaps are of length at least $(d-1)$, are defined. We give methods…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-04-25 Zoltán Kása

Let $w$ be a finite word over the alphabet $\{0,1\}$. For any natural number $n$, let $s_w(n)$ denote the number of occurrence of $w$ in the binary expansion of $n$ as a scattered subsequence. We study the behavior of the partial sum…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-11-18 Pranjal Jain , Shuo Li

A theory of resource-bounded dimension is developed using gales, which are natural generalizations of martingales. When the resource bound \Delta (a parameter of the theory) is unrestricted, the resulting dimension is precisely the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jack H. Lutz

Let $w$ be a finite word of length $n$. In this paper, we study the maximum possible number of distinct rational power factors in a finite word. A rational power is a word of the form $u=p^kp'$, where $p$ is a nonempty finite word, $k$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Shuo Li , Yuan Song

The notion of \emph{string attractor} has recently been introduced in [Prezza, 2017] and studied in [Kempa and Prezza, 2018] to provide a unifying framework for known dictionary-based compressors. A string attractor for a word…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Sabrina Mantaci , Antonio Restivo , Giuseppe Romana , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

In this work, we study the problem of finding the asymptotic growth rate of the number of of $d$-dimensional arrays with side length $n$ over a given alphabet which avoid a list of one-dimensional "forbidden" words along all cardinal…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2013-03-27 Tom Meyerovitch , Ronnie Pavlov

An absent factor of a string $w$ is a string $u$ which does not occur as a contiguous substring (a.k.a. factor) inside $w$. We extend this well-studied notion and define absent subsequences: a string $u$ is an absent subsequence of a string…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Maria Kosche , Tore Koß , Florin Manea , Stefan Siemer

Free words are elements of a free monoid, generated over an alphabet via the binary operation of concatenation. Casually speaking, a free word is a finite string of letters. Henceforth, we simply refer to them as words. Motivated by recent…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-16 Danny Rorabaugh

Word complexity is defined in a number of different ways. Psycholinguistic, morphological and lexical proxies are often used. Human ratings are also used. The problem here is that these proxies do not measure complexity directly, and human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Michael Dalvean