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The multi-vehicle dial-a-ride problem (mDaRP) is a fundamental vehicle routing problem with pickups and deliveries, widely applicable in ride-sharing, economics, and transportation. Given a set of $n$ locations, $h$ vehicles of identical…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jingyang Zhao , Mingyu Xiao

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) methods have emerged as a promising approach for solving combinatorial problems. Among RL-based models, POMO has demonstrated strong performance on a variety of tasks, including variants of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Szymon Jakubicz , Karol Kuźniak , Jan Wawszczak , Paweł Gora

The Conflict-Free Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (CF-EVRP) is a combinatorial optimization problem of designing routes for vehicles to visit customers such that a cost function, typically the number of vehicles or the total travelled…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-13 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Remco Vader , Martin Fabian , Knut Akesson

Robust routing under uncertainty is central to real-world logistics, yet most benchmarks assume static, idealized settings. We present SVRPBench, the first open benchmark to capture high-fidelity stochastic dynamics in vehicle routing at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Ahmed Heakl , Yahia Salaheldin Shaaban , Martin Takac , Salem Lahlou , Zangir Iklassov

Recent neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) methods have shown promising problem-solving ability without requiring domain-specific expertise. Most existing NCO methods use training and testing data with a fixed constraint value and lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fu Luo , Yaoxin Wu , Zhi Zheng , Zhenkun Wang

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is an NP-optimization problem (NPO) that has been of great interest for decades for both, science and industry. The CVRP is a variant of the vehicle routing problem characterized by capacity…

An increase in greenhouse gases emission from the transportation sector has led companies and the government to elevate and support the production of electric vehicles (EV). With recent developments in urbanization and e-commerce,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Seyed Sajjad Fazeli , Saravanan Venkatachalam , Jonathon M. Smereka

Existing GFlowNet-based methods for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) typically employ Trajectory Balance (TB) to achieve global optimization but often neglect important aspects of local optimization. While Detailed Balance (DB) addresses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ni Zhang , Zhiguang Cao

The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is one of the most extensively studied problems in combinatorial optimization. In this problem, we are given a depot and a set of customers, each with a demand, embedded in a metric space. The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jingyang Zhao , Mingyu Xiao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a promising approach for achieving autonomous driving due to robust decision-making capabilities. RL learns a driving policy through trial and error in traffic scenarios, guided by a reward function that…

The application of learning based methods to vehicle routing problems has emerged as a pivotal area of research in combinatorial optimization. These problems are characterized by vast solution spaces and intricate constraints, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zhenwei Wang , Ruibin Bai , Tiehua Zhang

Vehicle routing is a well-known optimization research topic with significant practical importance. Among different approaches to solving vehicle routing, heuristics can produce a satisfactory solution at a reasonable computational cost.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Fei Liu , Chengyu Lu , Lin Gui , Qingfu Zhang , Xialiang Tong , Mingxuan Yuan

There has never been a more exciting time for the future of quantum computing than now. Near-term quantum computing usage is now the next XPRIZE. With that challenge in mind we have explored a new approach as a hybrid quantum-classical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-04-23 James Holliday , Braeden Morgan , Hugh Churchill , Khoa Luu

Platooning of vehicles is a promising approach for reducing fuel consumption, increasing vehicle safety, and using road space more efficiently. We consider the important but difficult problem of assigning optimal routes and departure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-19 Fengqiao Luo , Jeffrey Larson

Multi-vehicle routing problem with soft time windows (MVRPSTW) is an indispensable constituent in urban logistics distribution systems. Over the past decade, numerous methods for MVRPSTW have been proposed, but most are based on heuristic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Ke Zhang , Meng Li , Zhengchao Zhang , Xi Lin , Fang He

We present a two-level decomposition strategy for solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) using the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm. A Problem-Level Decomposition partitions a 13-node (156-qubit) VRP into smaller Traveling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Andrew Maciejunes , John Stenger , Dan Gunlycke , Nikos Chrisochoides

The aim of the bi-objective multimodal car-sharing problem (BiO-MMCP) is to determine the optimal mode of transport assignment for trips and to schedule the routes of available cars and users whilst minimizing cost and maximizing user…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Miriam Enzi , Sophie N. Parragh , Jakob Puchinger

In many applications of vehicle routing, a set of time windows are feasible for each visit, giving rise to the Vehicle Routing Problem with Multiple Time Windows (VRPMTW). We argue that such disjunctions are problematic for many solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-13 Rune Larsen , Dario Pacino

The Vehicle Routing Problem with pickups, deliveries and spatiotemporal service constraints ($VRPPDSTC$) is a quite challenging algorithmic problem that can be dealt with in either an offline or an online fashion. In this work, we focus on…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Spyros Kontogiannis , Andreas Paraskevopoulos , Christos Zaroliagis

A lack of understanding of interactions and the inability to effectively resolve conflicts continue to impede the progress of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) in their interactions with Human-Driven Vehicles (HDVs). To address this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Shiyu Fang , Donghao Zhou , Yiming Cui , ChengKai Xu , Peng Hang , Jian Sun