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Clustering, a fundamental activity in unsupervised learning, is notoriously difficult when the feature space is high-dimensional. Fortunately, in many realistic scenarios, only a handful of features are relevant in distinguishing clusters.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-23 Zhiyue Zhang , Kenneth Lange , Jason Xu

K-means defines one of the most employed centroid-based clustering algorithms with performances tied to the data's embedding. Intricate data embeddings have been designed to push $K$-means performances at the cost of reduced theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Romain Cosentino , Randall Balestriero , Yanis Bahroun , Anirvan Sengupta , Richard Baraniuk , Behnaam Aazhang

Clustering is a fundamental unsupervised learning approach. Many clustering algorithms -- such as $k$-means -- rely on the euclidean distance as a similarity measure, which is often not the most relevant metric for high dimensional data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Aude Genevay , Gabriel Dulac-Arnold , Jean-Philippe Vert

Finding the number of meaningful clusters in an unlabeled dataset is important in many applications. Regularized k-means algorithm is a possible approach frequently used to find the correct number of distinct clusters in datasets. The most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Behzad Kamgar-Parsi , Behrooz Kamgar-Parsi

Clustering is an important exploratory data analysis technique to group objects based on their similarity. The widely used $K$-means clustering method relies on some notion of distance to partition data into a fewer number of groups. In the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-14 Yubo Zhuang , Xiaohui Chen , Yun Yang

Clustering is one of the most fundamental tasks in machine learning, and the k-means clustering algorithm is perhaps one of the most widely used clustering algorithms. However, it suffers from several limitations, such as sensitivity to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Syed M. Abdullah , Alisha Baba , Muhammad Siddique , Muhammad Faryad

The $k$-Means clustering problem on $n$ points is NP-Hard for any dimension $d\ge 2$, however, for the 1D case there exists exact polynomial time algorithms. Previous literature reported an $O(kn^2)$ time dynamic programming algorithm that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Allan Grønlund , Kasper Green Larsen , Alexander Mathiasen , Jesper Sindahl Nielsen , Stefan Schneider , Mingzhou Song

We show that the popular k-means clustering algorithm (Lloyd's heuristic), used for a variety of scientific data, can result in outcomes that are unfavorable to subgroups of data (e.g., demographic groups). Such biased clusterings can have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Mehrdad Ghadiri , Samira Samadi , Santosh Vempala

There has been much progress on efficient algorithms for clustering data points generated by a mixture of $k$ probability distributions under the assumption that the means of the distributions are well-separated, i.e., the distance between…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-04-13 Amit Kumar , Ravindran Kannan

Clustering is one of the most fundamental problems in data analysis and it has been studied extensively in the literature. Though many clustering algorithms have been proposed, clustering theories that justify the use of these clustering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-22 Cheng-Shang Chang , Wanjiun Liao , Yu-Sheng Chen , Li-Heng Liou

In this paper, we study clustering with respect to the k-modes objective function, a natural formulation of clustering for categorical data. One of the main contributions of this paper is to establish the connection between k-modes and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Zengyou He

This thesis aims to invent new approaches for making inferences with the k-means algorithm. k-means is an iterative clustering algorithm that randomly assigns k centroids, then assigns data points to the nearest centroid, and updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Alfred K. Adzika , Prudence Djagba

Kernel $k$-means clustering can correctly identify and extract a far more varied collection of cluster structures than the linear $k$-means clustering algorithm. However, kernel $k$-means clustering is computationally expensive when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Shusen Wang , Alex Gittens , Michael W. Mahoney

Despite the growing popularity of explainable and interpretable machine learning, there is still surprisingly limited work on inherently interpretable clustering methods. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in explaining the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Maximilian Fleissner , Leena Chennuru Vankadara , Debarghya Ghoshdastidar

We define the notion of a well-clusterable data set combining the point of view of the objective of $k$-means clustering algorithm (minimising the centric spread of data elements) and common sense (clusters shall be separated by gaps). We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Mieczysław A. Kłopotek

K-means is an effective clustering technique used to separate similar data into groups based on initial centroids of clusters. In this paper, Normalization based K-means clustering algorithm(N-K means) is proposed. Proposed N-K means…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-04 Deepali Virmani , Shweta Taneja , Geetika Malhotra

The $K$-means algorithm is extended to allow for partitioning of skewed groups. Our algorithm is called TiK-Means and contributes a $K$-means type algorithm that assigns observations to groups while estimating their skewness-transformation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-21 Nicholas S. Berry , Ranjan Maitra

In machine learning and data mining, Cluster analysis is one of the most widely used unsupervised learning technique. Philosophy of this algorithm is to find similar data items and group them together based on any distance function in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-09 Kumarjit Pathak , Jitin Kapila

The invention of the transformer architecture has revolutionized Artificial Intelligence (AI), yielding unprecedented success in areas such as natural language processing, computer vision, and multimodal reasoning. Despite these advances,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Kenneth L. Clarkson , Lior Horesh , Takuya Ito , Charlotte Park , Parikshit Ram

The $k$-means is one of the most important unsupervised learning techniques in statistics and computer science. The goal is to partition a data set into many clusters, such that observations within clusters are the most homogeneous and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-21 Tonglin Zhang