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Matrix multiplication (hereafter we use the acronym MM) is among the most fundamental operations of modern computations. The efficiency of its performance depends on various factors, in particular vectorization, data movement and arithmetic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-09 Victor Y. Pan

The border rank of the matrix multiplication operator for n by n matrices is a standard measure of its complexity. Using techniques from algebraic geometry and representation theory, we show the border rank is at least 2n^2-n. Our bounds…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-06-04 J. M. Landsberg , Giorgio Ottaviani

The classical branch-and-bound algorithm for the integer feasibility problem has exponential worst case complexity. We prove that it is surprisingly efficient on reformulated problems, in which the columns of the constraint matrix are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2009-08-06 Gabor Pataki , Mustafa Tural

The multiplication of matrices is an important arithmetic operation in computational mathematics. In the context of hierarchical matrices, this operation can be realized by the multiplication of structured block-wise low-rank matrices,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-05-24 Jürgen Dölz , Helmut Harbrecht , Michael D. Multerer

he segment minimization problem consists of finding the smallest set of integer matrices that sum to a given intensity matrix, such that each summand has only one non-zero value, and the non-zeroes in each row are consecutive. This has…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-09-27 Therese Biedl , Stephane Durocher , Holger H. Hoos , Shuang Luan , Jared Saia , Maxwell Young

Obeying constraints imposed by classical physics, we give optimal fine-grained algorithms for matrix multiplication and problems involving graphs and mazes, where all calculations are done in 3-dimensional space. We assume that whatever the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Quentin F. Stout

We revisit the I/O complexity of attention in large language models. Given query-key-value matrices $Q,K,V\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times d}$, and a machine with fast memory size $M$, the goal is to compute the "attention matrix" $A=\text{softmax}(Q…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Pál András Papp , Aleksandros Sobczyk , Anastasios Zouzias

It is widely known that the lower bound for the algorithmic complexity of square matrix multiplication resorts to at least $n^2$ arithmetic operations. The justification builds upon the following reasoning: given that there are $2 n^2$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Hugo Daniel Macedo

The complexity of matrix multiplication (hereafter MM) has been intensively studied since 1969, when Strassen surprisingly decreased the exponent 3 in the cubic cost of the straightforward classical MM to log 2 (7) $\approx$ 2.8074.…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2016-12-20 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Victor Pan

Despite the outstanding performance of deep neural networks in different applications, they are still computationally extensive and require a great number of memories. This motivates more research on reducing the resources required for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Alireza Bordbar , Mohammad Hossein Kahaei

Large matrix multiplication is a cornerstone of modern machine learning workloads, yet traditional approaches suffer from cubic computational complexity (e.g., $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ for a matrix of size $n\times n$). We present Low-Rank GEMM,…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Alfredo Metere

Fast matrix multiplication is one of the most fundamental problems in algorithm research. The exponent of the optimal time complexity of matrix multiplication is usually denoted by $\omega$. This paper discusses new ideas for improving the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Ran Duan , Hongxun Wu , Renfei Zhou

As the accuracy of machine learning models increases at a fast rate, so does their demand for energy and compute resources. On a low level, the major part of these resources is consumed by data movement between different memory units.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Niels Gleinig , Tal Ben-Nun , Torsten Hoefler

There has recently been much progress on exact algorithms for the (un)weighted graph (bi)partitioning problem using branch-and-bound and related methods. In this note we present and improve an easily computable, purely combinatorial lower…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-10-03 Jesper Larsson Träff , Martin Wimmer

Ootomo, Ozaki, and Yokota [Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl., 38 (2024), p. 297-313] have proposed a strategy to recast a floating-point matrix multiplication in terms of integer matrix products. The factors A and B are split into integer…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Ahmad Abdelfattah , Jack Dongarra , Massimiliano Fasi , Mantas Mikaitis , Françoise Tisseur

Motivated by recent progress on symmetry breaking problems such as maximal independent set (MIS) and maximal matching in the low-memory Massively Parallel Computation (MPC) model (e.g., Behnezhad et al.~PODC 2019; Ghaffari-Uitto SODA 2019),…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Kishore Kothapalli , Shreyas Pai , Sriram V. Pemmaraju

We study fundamental block-structured integer programs called tree-fold and multi-stage IPs. Tree-fold IPs admit a constraint matrix with independent blocks linked together by few constraints in a recursive pattern; and transposing their…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Christoph Hunkenschröder , Kim-Manuel Klein , Martin Koutecký , Alexandra Lassota , Asaf Levin

Min-plus product of two $n\times n$ matrices is a fundamental problem in algorithm research. It is known to be equivalent to APSP, and in general it has no truly subcubic algorithms. In this paper, we focus on the min-plus product on a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Shucheng Chi , Ran Duan , Tianle Xie

A parallel algorithm has perfect strong scaling if its running time on P processors is linear in 1/P, including all communication costs. Distributed-memory parallel algorithms for matrix multiplication with perfect strong scaling have only…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-02-16 Grey Ballard , James Demmel , Olga Holtz , Benjamin Lipshitz , Oded Schwartz

We consider the well-known problem of enumerating all triangles of an undirected graph. Our focus is on determining the input/output (I/O) complexity of this problem. Let $E$ be the number of edges, $M<E$ the size of internal memory, and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-03-25 Rasmus Pagh , Francesco Silvestri