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This paper introduces a new concept of stochastic dependence among many random variables which we call conditional neighborhood dependence (CND). Suppose that there are a set of random variables and a set of sigma algebras where both sets…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-06 Ji Hyung Lee , Kyungchul Song

A sequence of real numbers (x_n) is Benford if the significands, i.e. the fraction parts in the floating-point representation of (x_n) are distributed logarithmically. Similarly, a discrete-time irreducible and aperiodic finite-state Markov…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-03-05 Bahar Kaynar , Arno Berger , Theodore P. Hill , Ad Ridder

Benford's law predicts the occurrence of the $n^{\mathrm{th}}$ digit of numbers in datasets originating from various sources of the world, ranging from financial data to atomic spectra. It is intriguing that although many features of…

Popular Physics · Physics 2014-09-11 T. Alexopoulos , S. Leontsinis

We show the leading digits of a variety of systems satisfying certain conditions follow Benford's Law. For each system proving this involves two main ingredients. One is a structure theorem of the limiting distribution, specific to the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-06-26 Alex V. Kontorovich , Steven J. Miller

We prove that many sequences of positive numbers $(a_n)$ defined by finite linear difference equations $a_{n+k}=c_{k-1}a_{n+k-1}+...+c_0a_n$ with suitable non negative reals coefficients $c_i$ satisfy Bendford's Law on the first digit in…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2010-08-18 Hugues Deligny , Paul Jolissaint

We study a model where one target variable Y is correlated with a vector X:=(X_1,...,X_d) of predictor variables being potential causes of Y. We describe a method that infers to what extent the statistical dependences between X and Y are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-11 Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

The Newcomb-Benford Law, which is also called the first digit phenomenon, has applications in diverse phenomena ranging from social and computer networks, engineering systems, natural sciences, and accounting. In forensics, it has been used…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-06-19 Subhash Kak

When developing and assessing density functional theory methods, a finite basis set is usually employed. In most cases, however, the issue of basis set dependency is neglected. Here, we assess several basis sets and functionals. In…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Daniel Boese , Jan M. L. Martin , Nicholas C. Handy

A strong invariance principle is established for random fields which satisfy dependence conditions more general than positive or negative association. We use the approach of Cs\"{o}rg\H{o} and R\'{e}v\'{e}sz applied recently by Balan to…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Alexander Bulinski , Alexey Shashkin

We give a distribution-dependent concentration inequality for functions of independent variables. The result extends Bernstein's inequality from sums to more general functions, whose variation in any argument does not depend too much on the…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-05-12 Andreas Maurer

Benford's Law predicts that the first significant digit on the leftmost side of numbers in real-life data is proportioned between all possible 1 to 9 digits approximately as in LOG(1 + 1/digit), so that low digits occur much more frequently…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-03 Alex Ely Kossovsky

In this paper, we establish a fundamental connection between binomial parameters and means of bounded random variables. Such connection finds applications in statistical inference of means of bounded variables.

Probability · Mathematics 2008-03-07 Xinjia Chen

Benford's Law (BL) or the Significant Digit Law defines the probability distribution of the first digit of numerical values in a data sample. This Law is observed in many naturally occurring datasets. It can be seen as a measure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Surya Kant Sahu , Abhinav Java , Arshad Shaikh , Yannic Kilcher

Prime numbers seem to distribute among the natural numbers with no other law than that of chance, however its global distribution presents a quite remarkable smoothness. Such interplay between randomness and regularity has motivated sci-…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2008-11-21 Bartolo Luque , Lucas Lacasa

The so-called Benford's laws are of frequent use in order to observe anomalies and regularities in data sets, in particular, in election results and financial statements. Yet, basic financial market indices have not been much studied, if…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-04-28 Marcel Ausloos , Valerio Ficcadenti , Gurjeet Dhesi , Muhammad Shakeel

The occurrence of digits 1 through 9 as the leftmost nonzero digit of numbers from real-world sources is distributed unevenly according to an empirical law, known as Benford's law or the first digit law. It remains obscure why a variety of…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-05-02 Mingshu Cong , Congqiao Li , Bo-Qiang Ma

Benford's Law predicts that the first significant digit on the leftmost side of numbers in real-life data is proportioned between all possible 1 to 9 digits approximately as in LOG(1 + 1/digit), so that low digits occur much more frequently…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-01-22 Alex Ely Kossovsky

Benford's law, or the law of the first significant digit, has been subjected to numerous studies due to its unique applications in financial fields, especially accounting and auditing. However, studies that addressed the law's establishment…

General Economics · Economics 2025-01-07 M. R. Sarkandiz

The value of a social network is generally determined by its size and the connectivity of its nodes. But since some of the nodes may be fake ones and others that are dormant, the question of validating the node counts by statistical tests…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2015-06-11 Sieteng Soh , Gongqi Lin , Subhash Kak

The standard method to check for the independence of two real-valued random variables -- demonstrating that the bivariate joint distribution factors into the product of its marginals -- is both necessary and sufficient. Here we present a…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-11-30 David Draper , Erdong Guo , Robert Lund , Jon Woody