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This is a tutorial paper on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), and their variants. We start with a dynamical system and backpropagation through time for RNN. Then, we discuss the problems of gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi

Time series prediction can be generalized as a process that extracts useful information from historical records and then determines future values. Learning long-range dependencies that are embedded in time series is often an obstacle for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-25 Yuxiu Hua , Zhifeng Zhao , Rongpeng Li , Xianfu Chen , Zhiming Liu , Honggang Zhang

In this work, we first analyze the memory behavior in three recurrent neural networks (RNN) cells; namely, the simple RNN (SRN), the long short-term memory (LSTM) and the gated recurrent unit (GRU), where the memory is defined as a function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Yuanhang Su , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Neural network based models have achieved impressive results on various specific tasks. However, in previous works, most models are learned separately based on single-task supervised objectives, which often suffer from insufficient training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Pengfei Liu , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Learning models that execute algorithms can enable us to address a key problem in deep learning: generalizing to out-of-distribution data. However, neural networks are currently unable to execute recursive algorithms because they do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Jonas Jürß , Dulhan Jayalath , Petar Veličković

Current generation of memory-augmented neural networks has limited scalability as they cannot efficiently process data that are too large to fit in the external memory storage. One example of this is lifelong learning scenario where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-12 Hyunwoo Jung , Moonsu Han , Minki Kang , Sungju Hwang

Recent work has shown that memory modules are crucial for the generalization ability of neural networks on learning simple algorithms. However, we still have little understanding of the working mechanism of memory modules. To alleviate this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Kexin Wang , Yu Zhou , Shaonan Wang , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Retrieval-augmented Neural Machine Translation models have been successful in many translation scenarios. Different from previous works that make use of mutually similar but redundant translation memories~(TMs), we propose a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Xin Cheng , Shen Gao , Lemao Liu , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

This study explores the learnability of memory-less and memory-augmented RNNs, which are theoretically equivalent to Pushdown Automata. Empirical results show that these models often fail to generalize on longer sequences, relying more on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Shrabon Das , Ankur Mali

In this paper, we extend the deep long short-term memory (DLSTM) recurrent neural networks by introducing gated direct connections between memory cells in adjacent layers. These direct links, called highway connections, enable unimpeded…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Yu Zhang , Guoguo Chen , Dong Yu , Kaisheng Yao , Sanjeev Khudanpur , James Glass

The extension of deep learning towards temporal data processing is gaining an increasing research interest. In this paper we investigate the properties of state dynamics developed in successive levels of deep recurrent neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Claudio Gallicchio

We consider the general problem of modeling temporal data with long-range dependencies, wherein new observations are fully or partially predictable based on temporally-distant, past observations. A sufficiently powerful temporal model…

In this study, we propose a novel adaptive control architecture, which provides dramatically better transient response performance compared to conventional adaptive control methods. What makes this architecture unique is the synergistic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-09 Emirhan Inanc , Yigit Gurses , Abdullah Habboush , Yildiray Yildiz , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

Recently, very deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been attracting considerable attention in image restoration. However, as the depth grows, the long-term dependency problem is rarely realized for these very deep models, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Ying Tai , Jian Yang , Xiaoming Liu , Chunyan Xu

Memory replay based techniques have shown great success for continual learning with incrementally accumulated Euclidean data. Directly applying them to continually expanding networks, however, leads to the potential memory explosion problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Xikun Zhang , Dongjin Song , Yixin Chen , Dacheng Tao

Learning long-term dependencies in extended temporal sequences requires credit assignment to events far back in the past. The most common method for training recurrent neural networks, back-propagation through time (BPTT), requires credit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Nan Rosemary Ke , Anirudh Goyal , Olexa Bilaniuk , Jonathan Binas , Michael C. Mozer , Chris Pal , Yoshua Bengio

Packet-level discrete-event simulation (PLDES) is a prevalent tool for evaluating detailed performance of large model training. Although PLDES offers high fidelity and generality, its slow performance has plagued networking practitioners.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fei Long , Kaihui Gao , Li Chen , Dan Li , Yiwei Zhang , Fei Gui , Yitao Xing , Wenjia Wei , Bingyang Liu

Since the recognition in the early nineties of the vanishing/exploding (V/E) gradient issue plaguing the training of neural networks (NNs), significant efforts have been exerted to overcome this obstacle. However, a clear solution to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Andrea Ceni

We study class-incremental learning, a training setup in which new classes of data are observed over time for the model to learn from. Despite the straightforward problem formulation, the naive application of classification models to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Ahmet Iscen , Thomas Bird , Mathilde Caron , Alireza Fathi , Cordelia Schmid

Online reinforcement learning agents are currently able to process an increasing amount of data by converting it into a higher order value functions. This expansion of the information collected from the environment increases the agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Mirza Ramicic , Andrea Bonarini