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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers provably secure, information-theoretic key exchange, but in long-distance scenarios without quantum repeaters, Trusted Nodes (TNs) are commonly employed despite introducing critical security risks. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Sumit Chaudhary , Davide Li Calsi , JinHyeock Choi , Marc Geitz , Janis Nötzel

Quantum key distribution (QKD), which promises secure key exchange between two remote parties, is now moving toward the realization of scalable and secure QKD networks (QNs). Fully connected, trusted node-free QNs have been realized based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Wenhan Yan , Xiaodong Zheng , Wenjun Wen , Liangliang Lu , Yifeng Du , Yanqing Lu , Shining Zhu , Xiao-Song Ma

The laws of quantum mechanics allow unconditionally secure key distribution protocols. Nevertheless, security proofs of traditional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols rely on a crucial assumption, the trustworthiness of the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-08 Umesh Vazirani , Thomas Vidick

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can share an unconditional secure key between two remote parties, but the deviation between theory and practice will break the security of the generated key. In this paper, we evaluate the security of QKD with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-26 Shi-Hai Sun , Zhi-Yu Tian , Mei-Sheng Zhao , Yan Ma

The Sending-or-Not-Sending protocol of the twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has its advantage of unconditional security proof under any coherent attack and fault tolerance to large misalignment error. So far this is the only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-02 Cong Jiang , Zong-Wen Yu , Xiao-Long Hu , Xiang-Bin Wang

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables two distant users to exchange a secret key with information-theoretic security, based on the fundamental laws of quantum physics. While it is arguably the most mature application of quantum…

Quantum key distribution (QKD offers a long-term solution to establish information-theoretically secure keys between two distant users. In practice, with a careful characterization of quantum sources and the decoy-state method,…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables information-theoretic secure communication, yet its ultimate tolerance to noise and achievable transmission distance remain fundamentally constrained. We establish the maximum quantum bit error rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Stefano Pirandola

The security of a standard bi-directional "plug & play" quantum key distribution (QKD) system has been an open question for a long time. This is mainly because its source is equivalently controlled by an eavesdropper, which means the source…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yi Zhao , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo

With the emergence of an information society, the idea of protecting sensitive data is steadily gaining importance. Conventional encryption methods may not be sufficient to guarantee data protection in the future. Quantum key distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-20 Nitin Jain , Birgit Stiller , Imran Khan , Dominique Elser , Christoph Marquardt , Gerd Leuchs

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) protocol is immune to all attacks on detection and guarantees the information-theoretical security even with imperfect single photon detectors. Recently, several…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with threshold detectors are driving high-performance QKD demonstrations. The corresponding security proofs usually assume that all physical detectors have the same detection efficiency. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-02 Yanbao Zhang , Patrick J. Coles , Adam Winick , Jie Lin , Norbert Lutkenhaus

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security grounded in the fundamental laws of physics. Nevertheless, practical imperfections can introduce side channels that expose QKD systems to quantum hacking, especially…

Entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) is an essential ingredient in quantum communication, owing to the property of source-independent security and the potential on constructing large-scale quantum communication networks.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Jingyuan Liu , Zhihao Lin , Dongning Liu , Xue Feng , Fang Liu , Kaiyu Cui , Yidong Huang , Wei Zhang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides an attractive means for securing communications in optical fibre networks. However, deployment of the technology has been hampered by the frequent need for dedicated dark fibres to segregate the very…

Several vulnerabilities of single photon detectors have recently been exploited to compromise the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. In this letter we report the first proof-of-principle implementation of a new quantum key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-03 Allison Rubenok , Joshua A. Slater , Philip Chan , Itzel Lucio-Martinez , Wolfgang Tittel

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. Over the years, theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations have successfully transitioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Haoran Zhang , Haotao Zhu , Ruihua He , Yan Zhang , Chao Ding , Lajos Hanzo , Weibo Gao

Satellite based quantum key distribution (QKD) aims to establish secure key exchange over long distances despite significant technological challenges. To alleviate some of these challenges, Ghalaii et al. [PRX Quantum 4, 040320 (2023)]…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Lewis Wooltorton , Twesh Upadhyaya , Mohsen Razavi

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) represents a relaxation of the security assumptions made in usual quantum key distribution (QKD). As in usual QKD, the security of DIQKD follows from the laws of quantum physics, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-30 Stefano Pironio , Antonio Acin , Nicolas Brunner , Nicolas Gisin , Serge Massar , Valerio Scarani

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a leading technology for enabling information-theoretic secure communication, with protocols such as BB84 and its variants already deployed in practical field implementations. As QKD evolves from…