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A well-studied challenge that arises in the structure learning problem of causal directed acyclic graphs (DAG) is that using observational data, one can only learn the graph up to a "Markov equivalence class" (MEC). The remaining undirected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Vibhor Porwal , Piyush Srivastava , Gaurav Sinha

Some temporal networks, most notably citation networks, are naturally represented as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). To detect communities in DAGs, we propose a modularity for DAGs by defining an appropriate null model (i.e., randomized…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-08-13 Leo Speidel , Taro Takaguchi , Naoki Masuda

Assuming a directed acyclic graph (DAG) that represents prior knowledge of causal relationships between variables is a common starting point for cause-effect estimation. Existing literature typically invokes hypothetical domain expert…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-11 Kirtan Padh , Zhufeng Li , Cecilia Casolo , Niki Kilbertus

Ordinal variables, such as on the Likert scale, are common in applied research. Yet, existing methods for causal inference tend to target nominal or continuous data. When applied to ordinal data, this fails to account for the inherent…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-26 Martina Scauda , Jack Kuipers , Giusi Moffa

We address the problem of learning the topology of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) from nodal observations, which adhere to a linear structural equation model. Recent advances framed the combinatorial DAG structure learning task as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Samuel Rey , Seyed Saman Saboksayr , Gonzalo Mateos

We consider the problem of estimating the differences between two causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) models with a shared topological order given i.i.d. samples from each model. This is of interest for example in genomics, where changes in…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-08 Yuhao Wang , Chandler Squires , Anastasiya Belyaeva , Caroline Uhler

Deterministic variables are variables that are fully explained by one or more parent variables. They commonly arise when a variable has been algebraically constructed from one or more parent variables, as with composite variables, and in…

The fundamental concepts underlying in Markov networks are the conditional independence and the set of rules called Markov properties that translates conditional independence constraints into graphs. In this article we introduce the concept…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-03-14 Niharika Gauraha

Causal discovery amounts to learning a directed acyclic graph (DAG) that encodes a causal model. This model selection problem can be challenging due to its large combinatorial search space, particularly when dealing with non-parametric…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-21 Yurou Liang , Oleksandr Zadorozhnyi , Mathias Drton

Maximal Ancestral Graphs (MAGs) provide an abstract representation of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) with latent (selection) variables. These graphical objects encode information about ancestral relations and d-separations of the DAGs they…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Binghua Yao , Joris M. Mooij

Maximal ancestral graphs (MAGs) have many desirable properties; in particular they can fully describe conditional independences from directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) in the presence of latent and selection variables. However, different MAGs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-07 Zhongyi Hu , Robin Evans

In many applications we have both observational and (randomized) interventional data. We propose a Gaussian likelihood framework for joint modeling of such different data-types, based on global parameters consisting of a directed acyclic…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-06-03 Alain Hauser , Peter Bühlmann

Graphical models use graphs to represent conditional independence structure in the distribution of a random vector. In stochastic processes, graphs may represent so-called local independence or conditional Granger causality. Under some…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-24 Søren Wengel Mogensen

Causal representation learning aims to recover the latent causal variables and their causal relations, typically represented by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), from low-level observations such as image pixels. A prevailing line of research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ignavier Ng , Shaoan Xie , Xinshuai Dong , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

Directed acyclic graph (DAG) learning is a central task in structure discovery and causal inference. Although the field has witnessed remarkable advances over the past few years, it remains statistically and computationally challenging to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-09 Ryan Thompson , Edwin V. Bonilla , Robert Kohn

We introduce a new class of graphical models that generalizes Lauritzen-Wermuth-Frydenberg chain graphs by relaxing the semi-directed acyclity constraint so that only directed cycles are forbidden. Moreover, up to two edges are allowed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-02 Jose M. Peña

This paper analyzes independence concepts for sets of probability measures associated with directed acyclic graphs. The paper shows that epistemic independence and the standard Markov condition violate desirable separation properties. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-18 Fabio Gagliardi Cozman

Bayesian network models with latent variables are widely used in statistics and machine learning. In this paper we provide a complete algebraic characterization of Bayesian network models with latent variables when the observed variables…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Robin J. Evans

The paper concerns the problem of predicting the effect of actions or interventions on a system from a combination of (i) statistical data on a set of observed variables, and (ii) qualitative causal knowledge encoded in the form of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-02 Carlos Brito , Judea Pearl

Directed acyclic graphical models, or DAG models, are widely used to represent complex causal systems. Since the basic task of learning such a model from data is NP-hard, a standard approach is greedy search over the space of directed…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-09 Liam Solus , Yuhao Wang , Caroline Uhler