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Merging binary black holes exhibit a ringdown phase in which they primarily emit gravitational waves in the shape of damped sinusoids corresponding to quasi-normal modes of the Kerr remnant. In general, each mode carries four degrees of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-18 Nicole Khusid , Will Farr , Max Isi

The final stage of a binary black hole merger is ringdown, in which the system is described by a Kerr black hole with quasinormal mode perturbations. It is far from straightforward to identify the time at which the ringdown begins. Yet…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-06-06 Swetha Bhagwat , Maria Okounkova , Stefan W. Ballmer , Duncan A. Brown , Matthew Giesler , Mark A. Scheel , Saul A. Teukolsky

Optimal extraction of information from gravitational-wave observations of binary black-hole coalescences requires detailed knowledge of the waveforms. Current approaches for representing waveform information are based on spin-weighted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-12 Bernard J. Kelly , John G. Baker

The ringdown phase of the binary black hole (BBH) merger provides a clean and direct probe of strong-field gravity and tests of the nature of black holes. The quasinormal mode (QNM) frequencies in modified gravity theories, as well as their…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-02 Zexin Hu , Daniela D. Doneva , Ziming Wang , Vasileios Paschalidis , Gabriele Bozzola , Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev , Lijing Shao

The ''ringdown'' stage of gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole mergers, mainly consisting of a superposition of quasinormal modes emitted by the merger remnant, is a key tool to test fundamental physics and to probe black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-06 Francesco Crescimbeni , Gregorio Carullo , Emanuele Berti , Giada Caneva Santoro , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Paolo Pani

Gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers provide a glimpse of gravitational dynamics in its most extreme observable regime, potentially enabling precision tests of general relativity (GR) and of the Kerr description of black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-14 Ayush Roy , Lorenzo Küchler , Adam Pound , Rodrigo Panosso Macedo

For the first time, we construct an inspiral-merger-ringdown waveform model within the effective-one-body formalism for spinning, nonprecessing binary black holes that includes gravitational modes beyond the dominant $(\ell,|m|) = (2,2)$…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-07-22 Roberto Cotesta , Alessandra Buonanno , Alejandro Bohé , Andrea Taracchini , Ian Hinder , Serguei Ossokine

The ongoing observations of merging black holes by the instruments of the fledging gravitational wave astronomy has opened the way for testing the general relativistic Kerr black hole metric and, at the same time, for probing the existence…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-03-07 Kostas Glampedakis , George Pappas

Several improvements in numerical methods and gauge choice are presented that make it possible now to perform simulations of the merger and ringdown phases of "generic" binary black-hole evolutions using the pseudo-spectral evolution code…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-29 Béla Szilágyi , Lee Lindblom , Mark A. Scheel

The "ringdown" radiation emitted by oscillating black holes has great scientific potential. By carefully predicting the frequencies and amplitudes of black hole quasinormal modes and comparing them with gravitational-wave data from compact…

We conduct a descriptive analysis of the multipolar structure of gravitational-radiation waveforms from equal-mass aligned-spin mergers, following an approach first presented in the complementary context of nonspinning black holes of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-29 Bernard J. Kelly , John G. Baker , William D. Boggs , Sean T. McWilliams , Joan Centrella

According to General Relativity a perturbed black hole will return to a stable configuration by the emission of gravitational radiation in a superposition of quasi-normal modes. Such a perturbation will occur due to the coalescence of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-08-17 Lisa Maria Goggin

In general relativity, when two black holes merge they produce a rotating (Kerr) black hole remnant. According to perturbation theory, the remnant emits "ringdown" radiation: a superposition of exponentials with characteristic complex…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-15 Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Emanuele Berti , Vishal Baibhav , Roberto Cotesta

A perturbed black hole emits gravitational radiation, usually termed the ringdown signal, whose frequency and time-constant depends on the mass and spin of the black hole. I investigate the case of a binary black hole merger resulting from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-03 Ioannis Kamaretsos

Merger gravitational waves from binary black hole coalescence carry rich information about the underlying spacetime dynamics. We analyze merger waves from comparable-mass and extreme-mass-ratio binaries, obtained from numerical relativity…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-12 Naritaka Oshita , Sizheng Ma , Yanbei Chen , Huan Yang

One of the goals of gravitational-wave astronomy is to quantify the evolution of the compact binary merger rate with redshift. The redshift distribution of black hole mergers would offer considerable information about their evolutionary…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-06-24 Thomas Callister , Maya Fishbach , Daniel Holz , Will Farr

Dense environments hosting compact binary mergers can leave an imprint on the gravitational-wave emission which, in turn, can be used to identify the characteristics of the environment. To demonstrate such scenario, we consider a simple…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-19 Samson H. W. Leong , Juan Calderón Bustillo , Miguel Gracia-Linares , Pablo Laguna

Ten binary black-hole mergers have already been detected during the first two observing runs of advanced LIGO and Virgo, and many more are expected to be observed in the near future. This opens the possibility for gravitational-wave…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-05-15 Yann Bouffanais , Michela Mapelli , Davide Gerosa , Ugo N. Di Carlo , Nicola Giacobbo , Emanuele Berti , Vishal Baibhav

Modelling the end point of binary black hole mergers is a cornerstone of modern gravitational-wave astronomy. Extracting multiple quasinormal mode frequencies from the ringdown signal allows the remnant black hole to be studied in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-11 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

The ringdown phase following a binary black hole merger is usually assumed to be well described by a linear superposition of complex exponentials (quasinormal modes). In the strong-field conditions typical of a binary black hole merger,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Emanuele Berti , Vitor Cardoso , Jose A. Gonzalez , Ulrich Sperhake