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Flexible characterization techniques that identify and quantify experimental imperfections under realistic assumptions are crucial for the development of quantum computers. Gate set tomography is a characterization approach that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 Raphael Brieger , Ingo Roth , Martin Kliesch

A new class of protocols called mirror benchmarking was recently proposed to measure the system-level performance of quantum computers. These protocols involve circuits with random sequences of gates followed by mirroring, that is,…

With quantum computing devices increasing in scale and complexity, there is a growing need for tools that obtain precise diagnostic information about quantum operations. However, current quantum devices are only capable of short…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-01 J. Helsen , M. Ioannou , J. Kitzinger , E. Onorati , A. H. Werner , J. Eisert , I. Roth

We report the first complete characterization of single-qubit and two-qubit gate fidelities in silicon-based spin qubits, including cross-talk and error correlations between the two qubits. To do so, we use a combination of standard…

High-fidelity mid-circuit measurements, which read out the state of specific qubits in a multiqubit processor without destroying them or disrupting their neighbors, are a critical component for useful quantum computing. They enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-23 Daniel Hothem , Jordan Hines , Charles Baldwin , Dan Gresh , Robin Blume-Kohout , Timothy Proctor

The Robust Phase Estimation (RPE) protocol was designed to be an efficient and robust way to calibrate quantum operations. The robustness of RPE refers to its ability to estimate a single parameter, usually gate amplitude, even when other…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-12 Adam M. Meier , Karl A. Burkhardt , Brian J. McMahon , Creston D. Herold

Quantum measurements under realistic conditions reveal only partial information about a system. Yet, by performing sequential measurements on the same system, additional information can be accessed. We investigate this problem in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Carles Roch I Carceller , Hanwool Lee , Jonatan Bohr Brask , Kieran Flatt , Joonwoo Bae

Quantum processors with sizes in the 10-100 qubit range are now increasingly common. However, with increased size comes increased complexity for benchmarking. The effectiveness of a given device may vary greatly between different tasks, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-08 James R. Wootton

As quantum processors grow, new performance benchmarks are required to capture the full quality of the devices at scale. While quantum volume is an excellent benchmark, it focuses on the highest quality subset of the device and so is unable…

Random bit generators (RBGs) are key components of a variety of information processing applications ranging from simulations to cryptography. In particular, cryptographic systems require "strong" RBGs that produce high-entropy bit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Fiorentino , C. M. Santori , S. M. Spillane , W. J. Munro , R. G. Beausoleil

Bayesian inference is a widely used technique for real-time characterization of quantum systems. It excels in experimental characterization in the low data regime, and when the measurements have degrees of freedom. A decisive factor for its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-10 Alexandra Ramôa , Raffaele Santagati , Nathan Wiebe

The characterization of errors in a quantum system is a fundamental step for two important goals. First, learning about specific sources of error is essential for optimizing experimental design and error correction methods. Second,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-24 Hillary Dawkins , Joel Wallman , Joseph Emerson

We introduce ACES, a method for scalable noise metrology of quantum circuits that stands for Averaged Circuit Eigenvalue Sampling. It simultaneously estimates the individual error rates of all the gates in collections of quantum circuits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-26 Steven T. Flammia

We introduce binary randomized benchmarking (BiRB), a protocol that streamlines traditional RB by using circuits consisting almost entirely of i.i.d. layers of gates. BiRB reliably and efficiently extracts the average error rate of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Jordan Hines , Daniel Hothem , Robin Blume-Kohout , Birgitta Whaley , Timothy Proctor

The implementation of quantum gates with fidelities that exceed the threshold for reliable quantum computing requires robust gates whose performance is not limited by the precision of the available control fields. The performance of these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-30 Alexandre M. Souza , Roberto S. Sarthour , Ivan S. Oliveira , Dieter Suter

Randomness is a fundamental feature in nature and a valuable resource for applications ranging from cryptography and gambling to numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Random numbers, however, are difficult to characterize…

We introduce probability estimation, a broadly applicable framework to certify randomness in a finite sequence of measurement results without assuming that these results are independent and identically distributed. Probability estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-30 Yanbao Zhang , Emanuel Knill , Peter Bierhorst

We introduce unitary-gate randomized benchmarking (URB) for qudit gates by extending single-and multi-qubit URB to single- and multi-qudit gates. Specifically, we develop a qudit URB procedure that exploits unitary 2-designs. Furthermore,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-24 Mahnaz Jafarzadeh , Ya-Dong Wu , Yuval R. Sanders , Barry C. Sanders

In this paper we investigate properties of several randomness generation protocols in the device independent framework. Using Bell-type inequalities it is possible to certify that the numbers generated by an untrusted device are indeed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-25 Piotr Mironowicz , Marcin Pawłowski

Leakage errors arise when the quantum state leaks out of some subspace of interest, for example, the two-level subspace of a multi-level system defining a computational `qubit' or the logical code space defined by some quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-18 Joel J. Wallman , Marie Barnhill , Joseph Emerson