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Proof engineering is notoriously labor-intensive: proofs that are straightforward on paper often require lengthy scripts in theorem provers. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) create new opportunities for proof automation:…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yichen Xu , Martin Odersky

Proof assistants are important tools for teaching logic. We support this claim by discussing three formalizations in Isabelle/HOL used in a recent course on automated reasoning. The first is a formalization of System W (a system of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Asta Halkjær From , Jørgen Villadsen , Patrick Blackburn

We consider the task of automated theorem proving, a key AI task. Deep learning has shown promise for training theorem provers, but there are limited human-written theorems and proofs available for supervised learning. To address this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Mingzhe Wang , Jia Deng

Automatic verification deals with the validation by means of computers of correctness certificates. The related tools, usually called proof assistants or interactive provers, provide an interactive environment for the creation of formal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Andrea Asperti

This paper explores the relationship of artificial intelligence to the task of resolving open questions in mathematics. We first present an updated version of a traditional argument that limitative results from computability and complexity…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-08-08 Walter Dean , Alberto Naibo

Assurance cases are often required to certify critical systems. The use of formal methods in assurance can improve automation, increase confidence, and overcome errant reasoning. However, assurance cases can never be fully formalised, as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Simon Foster , Yakoub Nemouchi , Mario Gleirscher , Ran Wei , Tim Kelly

We describe an extension to the TLA+ specification language with constructs for writing proofs and a proof environment, called the Proof Manager (PM), to checks those proofs. The language and the PM support the incremental development and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-11-13 Kaustuv C. Chaudhuri , Damien Doligez , Leslie Lamport , Stephan Merz

This book chapter establishes connections between the interactive proof tool Isabelle and classical tableau and resolution technology. Isabelle's classical reasoner is described and demonstrated by an extended case study: the Church-Rosser…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Lawrence C. Paulson

Formally verifying properties of software code has been a highly desirable task, especially with the emergence of LLM-generated code. In the same vein, they provide an interesting avenue for the exploration of formal verification and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Balaji Rao , William Eiers , Carlo Lipizzi

The Isabelle Archive of Formal Proofs has grown to a significant size in the past years. It makes up for an impressive body of research, which enables a number of statistical approaches to various aspects in theorem proving, and has not yet…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Fabian Huch

I argue that the most interesting goal facing researchers in automated reasoning is being able to solve problems that cannot currently be solved by existing tools and methods. This may appear obvious, and is clearly not an original thought,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Giles Reger

We present a trustworthy connection between the Leon verification system and the Isabelle proof assistant. Leon is a system for verifying functional Scala programs. It uses a variety of automated theorem provers (ATPs) to check verification…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-07-07 Lars Hupel , Viktor Kuncak

Mechanical reasoning is a key area of research that lies at the crossroads of mathematical logic and artificial intelligence. The main aim to develop mechanical reasoning systems (also known as theorem provers) was to enable mathematicians…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-09 M. Saqib Nawaz , Moin Malik , Yi Li , Meng Sun , M. Ikram Ullah Lali

The synergy between deep learning models and traditional automation tools, such as built-in tactics of the proof assistant and off-the-shelf automated theorem provers, plays a crucial role in developing robust and efficient neural theorem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Haoxiong Liu , Jiacheng Sun , Zhenguo Li , Andrew C Yao

This paper presents a novel approach to premise selection, a crucial reasoning task in automated theorem proving. Traditionally, symbolic methods that rely on extensive domain knowledge and engineering effort are applied to this task. In…

Recent advances in automated theorem proving leverages language models to explore expanded search spaces by step-by-step proof generation. However, such approaches are usually based on short-sighted heuristics (e.g., log probability or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Haiming Wang , Huajian Xin , Zhengying Liu , Wenda Li , Yinya Huang , Jianqiao Lu , Zhicheng Yang , Jing Tang , Jian Yin , Zhenguo Li , Xiaodan Liang

Formal reasoning and automated theorem proving constitute a challenging subfield of machine learning, in which machines are tasked with proving mathematical theorems using formal languages like Lean. A formal verification system can check…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Azim Ospanov , Farzan Farnia , Roozbeh Yousefzadeh

In this paper, we propose the use of interactive theorem proving for explainable machine learning. After presenting our proposition, we illustrate it on the dedicated application of explaining security attacks using the Isabelle…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Florian Kammüller

Formal theorem proving, a field at the intersection of mathematics and computer science, has seen renewed interest with advancements in large language models (LLMs). This paper introduces SubgoalXL, a novel approach that synergizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Xueliang Zhao , Lin Zheng , Haige Bo , Changran Hu , Urmish Thakker , Lingpeng Kong

Mathematical theorems are human knowledge able to be accumulated in the form of symbolic representation, and proving theorems has been considered intelligent behavior. Based on the BHK interpretation and the Curry-Howard isomorphism, proof…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-18 Li-An Yang , Jui-Pin Liu , Chao-Hong Chen , Ying-ping Chen