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Cloud computing has become a critical infrastructure for modern society, like electric power grids and roads. As the backbone of the modern economy, it offers subscription-based computing services anytime, anywhere, on a pay-as-you-go…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Rajkumar Buyya , Shashikant Ilager , Patricia Arroba

In the last few years, a growing body of research has proposed methods, techniques, and tools to support developers in the construction of software that consumes less energy. These solutions leverage diverse approaches such as version…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Wellington Oliveira , Hugo Matalonga , Gustavo Pinto , Fernando Castor , João Paulo Fernandes

This paper introduces an infrastructure-aware benchmarking framework for quantifying the environmental footprint of LLM inference across 30 state-of-the-art models in commercial datacenters. The framework combines public API performance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nidhal Jegham , Marwan Abdelatti , Chan Young Koh , Lassad Elmoubarki , Abdeltawab Hendawi

Green computing represents a critical pathway to decarbonize the digital economy while maintaining technological progress. This article examines how sustainable IT strategies including energy-efficient hardware, AI-optimized data centres,…

As AI inference scales to billions of queries and emerging reasoning and agentic workflows increase token demand, reliable estimates of per-query energy use are increasingly important for capacity planning, emissions accounting, and…

To improve the environmental implications of the growing demand of computing, future applications need to improve the carbon-efficiency of computing infrastructures. State-of-the-art approaches, however, do not consider the intermittent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Young Geun Kim , Udit Gupta , Andrew McCrabb , Yonglak Son , Valeria Bertacco , David Brooks , Carole-Jean Wu

Energy flexibility, through short-term demand-side management (DSM) and energy storage technologies, is now seen as a major key to balancing the fluctuating supply in different energy grids with the energy demand of buildings. This is…

Background: The increasing environmental impact of Information Technologies, particularly in Machine Learning (ML), highlights the need for sustainable practices in software engineering. The escalating complexity and energy consumption of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Pau Duran , Joel Castaño , Cristina Gómez , Silverio Martínez-Fernández

The size and complexity of deep neural networks continue to grow exponentially, significantly increasing energy consumption for training and inference by these models. We introduce an open-source package eco2AI to help data scientists and…

An increasing amount of data is being injected into the network from IoT (Internet of Things) applications. Many of these applications, developed to improve society's quality of life, are latency-critical and inject large amounts of data…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Patricia Arroba , Rajkumar Buyya , Román Cárdenas , José L. Risco-Martín , José M. Moya

Computing systems are consuming an increasing and unsustainable fraction of society's energy footprint, notably in data centers. Meanwhile, energy-efficient software engineering techniques are often absent from undergraduate curricula. We…

In the rapidly evolving realm of artificial intelligence, deploying large language models (LLMs) poses increasingly pressing computational and environmental challenges. This paper introduces MELODI - Monitoring Energy Levels and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Erik Johannes Husom , Arda Goknil , Lwin Khin Shar , Sagar Sen

Environmental sustainability is a major and relevant challenge facing computing. Therefore, we must start teaching theory, techniques, and practices that both increase an awareness in our student population as well a provide concrete advice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Henrik Bærbak Christensen , Maja Hanne Kirkeby , Bent Thomsen , Lone Leth Thomsen

Data centers handle impressive high figures in terms of energy consumption, and the growing popularity of Cloud applications is intensifying their computational demand. Moreover, the cooling needed to keep the servers within reliable…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Patricia Arroba , José L. Risco-Martín , José M. Moya , José L. Ayala

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering to generate, complete, translate, and fix code, improving developer productivity. While most research focuses on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sabiya Banu Masthan Ali , Oussema Kirmani , Aroosa Hameed , Syed Muhammad Danish , Gautam Srivastava

Energy is now a first-class design constraint along with performance in all computing settings. Energy predictive modelling based on performance monitoring counts (PMCs) is the leading method used for prediction of energy consumption during…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Arsalan Shahid , Muhammad Fahad , Ravi Reddy Manumachu , Alexey Lastovetsky

With the ever increasing complexity of Industry 4.0 systems, plant energy management systems developed to improve energy sustainability become equally complex. Based on a Model-Based Systems Engineering analysis, this paper aims to provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Romain Delabeye , Olivia Penas , Martin Ghienne , Arkadiusz Kosecki , Jean-Luc Dion

We propose a dedicated model to assist with the life cycle analysis of emissions of scientific computing centres. The model takes into account both the embodied carbon and emissions from use, as well as other factors such as data centre…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-10-03 Wim Vanderbauwhede , Mattias Wadenstein

The use of High Performance Computing (HPC) in commercial and consumer IT applications is becoming popular. They need the ability to gain rapid and scalable access to high-end computing capabilities. Cloud computing promises to deliver such…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2009-09-08 Saurabh Kumar Garg , Chee Shin Yeo , Arun Anandasivam , Rajkumar Buyya

Python is a popular programming language known for its ease of learning and extensive libraries. However, concerns about performance and energy consumption have led to the development of compilers to enhance Python code efficiency. Despite…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Vincenzo Stoico , Andrei Calin Dragomir , Patricia Lago