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Bitcoin is the most secure blockchain in the world, supported by the immense hash power of its Proof-of-Work miners. Proof-of-Stake chains are energy-efficient, have fast finality but face several security issues: susceptibility to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ertem Nusret Tas , David Tse , Fangyu Gai , Sreeram Kannan , Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali , Fisher Yu

Proof-of-Work~(PoW) based blockchains typically allocate only a tiny fraction (e.g., less than 1% for Ethereum) of the average interarrival time~($\mathbb{I}$) between blocks for validating transactions. A trivial increase in validation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Sourav Das , Nitin Awathare , Ling Ren , Vinay Joseph Ribeiro , Umesh Bellur

Open-access blockchains based on proof-of-work protocols have gained tremendous popularity for their capabilities of providing decentralized tamper-proof ledgers and platforms for data-driven autonomous organization. Nevertheless, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Shaohan Feng , Wenbo Wang , Zehui Xiong , Dusit Niyato , Ping Wang , Shaun Shuxun Wang

Decentralization is widely recognized as a crucial characteristic of blockchains that enables them to resist malicious attacks such as the 51% attack and the takeover attack. Prior research has primarily examined decentralization in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Chao Li , Balaji Palanisamy , Runhua Xu , Li Duan

Does the proof-of-work protocol serve its intended purpose of supporting decentralized cryptocurrency mining? To address this question, we develop a game-theoretical model where miners first invest in hardware to improve the efficiency of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-06-21 Agostino Capponi , Sveinn Olafsson , Humoud Alsabah

Cryptocurrency off-chain networks such as Lightning (e.g., Bitcoin) or Raiden (e.g., Ethereum) aim to increase the scalability of traditional on-chain transactions. To support nodes in learning about possible paths to route their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Utz Nisslmueller , Klaus-Tycho Foerster , Stefan Schmid , Christian Decker

In this paper, we systematically explore the attack surface of the Blockchain technology, with an emphasis on public Blockchains. Towards this goal, we attribute attack viability in the attack surface to 1) the Blockchain cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Muhammad Saad , Jeffrey Spaulding , Laurent Njilla , Charles Kamhoua , Sachin Shetty , DaeHun Nyang , Aziz Mohaisen

Cross-chain interoperability is a core component of modern blockchain infrastructure, enabling seamless asset transfers and composable applications across multiple blockchain ecosystems. However, the transparency of cross-chain messages can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Chuanlei Li , Zhicheng Sun , Jing Xin Yuu , Xuechao Wang

Smart contract-enabled blockchains allow building decentralized applications in which mutually-distrusted parties can work together. Recently, oracle services emerged to provide these applications with real-world data feeds. Unfortunately,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Z. Motaqy , G. Almashaqbeh , B. Bahrak , N. Yazdani

Blockchains have seen growing traction with cryptocurrencies reaching a market cap of over 1 trillion dollars, major institution investors taking interests, and global impacts on governments, businesses, and individuals. Also growing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Tiancheng Xie , Jiaheng Zhang , Zerui Cheng , Fan Zhang , Yupeng Zhang , Yongzheng Jia , Dan Boneh , Dawn Song

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are a growing threat in network services. The frequency and intensity of DoS attacks are rapidly increasing day by day. The immense financial potential of the Cryptocurrency market is a prevalent target of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Mayank Raikwar , Danilo Gligoroski

Consensus algorithms facilitate agreement on and resolution of blockchain functions, such as smart contracts and transactions. Ethereum uses a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, which depends on financial incentives to ensure that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Alpesh Bhudia , Anna Cartwright , Edward Cartwright , Darren Hurley-Smith , Julio Hernandez-Castro

As Lightning network payments are neither broadcasted nor publicly stored. Thus LN has been seen not only as scalability but also as privacy solution for Bitcoin. The protocol guarantees that only the latest channel state can be confirmed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Sergei Tikhomirov , Rene Pickhardt , Alex Biryukov , Mariusz Nowostawski

Many of today's crypto currencies use blockchains as decentralized ledgers and secure them with proof of work. In case of a fork of the chain, Bitcoin's rule for achieving consensus is selecting the longest chain and discarding the other…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Fabian Ritz , Alf Zugenmaier

In this paper, the authors propose to increase the efficiency of blockchain mining by using a population-based approach. Blockchain relies on solving difficult mathematical problems as proof-of-work within a network before blocks are added…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Tosin P. Adewumi , Marcus Liwicki

Proof-of-stake blockchain protocols are becoming one of the most promising alternatives to the energy-consuming proof-of-work protocols. However, one particularly critical threat in the PoS setting is the well-known long-range attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Xinyu Li , Jing Xu , Xiong Fan , Yuchen Wang , Zhenfeng Zhang

Blockchains have sparked global interest in recent years, gaining importance as they increasingly influence technology and finance. This thesis investigates the robustness of blockchain protocols, specifically focusing on Ethereum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Ulysse Pavloff

This article aims to study intrusion attacks and then develop a novel cyberattack detection framework to detect cyberattacks at the network layer (e.g., Brute Password and Flooding of Transactions) of blockchain networks. Specifically, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Tran Viet Khoa , Do Hai Son , Dinh Thai Hoang , Nguyen Linh Trung , Tran Thi Thuy Quynh , Diep N. Nguyen , Nguyen Viet Ha , Eryk Dutkiewicz

This paper presents a novel Collaborative Cyberattack Detection (CCD) system aimed at enhancing the security of blockchain-based data-sharing networks by addressing the complex challenges associated with noise addition in federated learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Tran Viet Khoa , Mohammad Abu Alsheikh , Yibeltal Alem , Dinh Thai Hoang

We performed the first systematic study of a new attack on Ethereum that steals cryptocurrencies. The attack is due to the unprotected JSON-RPC endpoints existed in Ethereum nodes that could be exploited by attackers to transfer the Ether…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Zhen Cheng , Xinrui Hou , Runhuai Li , Yajin Zhou , Xiapu Luo , Jinku Li , Kui Ren