Related papers: Doodles on surfaces

A doodle is a collection of immersed circles without triple intersections in the $2$-sphere. It was shown by the second author and P.~Tayler that doodles induce commutator identities (identities amongst commutators) in a free group. In this…

In this paper, we introduce twisted virtual doodles, defined as stable equivalence classes of immersed circles on closed surfaces that may be non-orientable. These objects admit planar representative diagrams, considered up to a suitable…

In 1997 M.~Khovanov proved that any doodle can be presented as closure of twin, this result is analogue of classical Alexander's theorem for braids and links. We give a description of twins that have equivalent closures, this theorem is…

Let $A$ denote the cylinder $\mathbb R \times S^1$ or the band $\mathbb R \times I$, where $I$ stands for the closed interval. We consider $2$-{\sf moderate immersions} of closed curves (``{\sf doodles}") and compact surfaces (``{\sf…

In this paper, we present a brief overview of the concept of doodles from the perspective of J.S. Carter's work on classifying immersed curves and the work of J.S. Carter, S. Kamada, and M. Saito on stable equivalence of knots on surfaces…

We prove that any manifold diffeomorphic to $S^3$ and endowed with a generic metric contains at least two embedded minimal two-spheres. The existence of at least one minimal two-sphere was obtained by Simon-Smith in 1983. Our approach…

D. Davis introduced projective product spaces in 2010 as a generalization of real projective spaces and discussed some of their topological properties. On the other hand, Dold manifolds were introduced by A. Dold in 1956 to study the…

Bounded cohomology of groups was first defined by Johnson and Trauber during the seventies in the context of Banach algebras. As an independent and very active research field, however, bounded cohomology started to develop in 1982, thanks…

Finding appropriate notions of discrete holomorphic maps and, more generally, conformal immersions of discrete Riemann surfaces into 3-space is an important problem of discrete differential geometry and computer visualization. We propose an…

We define additional gradings on two generalisations of Khovanov homology (one due to the first author, the other due to the second), and use them to define invariants of various kinds of embeddings. These include invariants of links in…

Kuperberg [Algebr. Geom. Topol. 3 (2003) 587-591] has shown that a virtual knot corresponds (up to generalized Reidemeister moves) to a unique embedding in a thichened surface of minimal genus. If a virtual knot diagram is equivalent to a…

Extending work of Kapouleas and Yang, for any integers $N \geq 2$, $k, \ell \geq 1$, and $m$ sufficiently large, we apply gluing methods to construct in the round $3$-sphere a closed embedded minimal surface that has genus $k\ell…

In 2009 Chmutov introduced the idea of partial duality for embeddings of graphs in surfaces. We discuss some alternative descriptions of partial duality, which demonstrate the symmetry between vertices and faces. One is in terms of band…

We show that the theory of varifolds can be suitably enriched to open the way to applications in the field of discrete and computational geometry. Using appropriate regularizations of the mass and of the first variation of a varifold we…

We introduce new families of quandles that serve as invariants for classifying closed orientable surfaces. These families generalize the classical Dehn quandle and are defined, respectively, on isotopy classes of unoriented closed curves…

Mosaic diagrams for knots were first introduced in 2008 by Lomanoco and Kauffman for the purpose of building a quantum knot system. Since then, many others have explored the structure of these knot mosaic diagrams, as they are interesting…

We usually think of 2-dimensional manifolds as surfaces embedded in Euclidean 3-space. Since humans cannot visualise Euclidean spaces of higher dimensions, it appears to be impossible to give pictorial representations of higher-dimensional…

In 2010, Turaev introduced knotoids as a variation on knots that replaces the embedding of a circle with the embedding of a closed interval with two endpoints which here we call poles. We define generalized knotoids to allow arbitrarily…

A virtual doodle is an equivalence class of virtual diagrams under an equivalence relation generated by flat version of classical Reidemesiter moves and virtual Reidemsiter moves such that Reidemeister moves of type 3 are forbidden. In this…

Classical objects in computational geometry are defined by explicit relations. Several years ago the pioneering works of T. Asano, J. Matousek and T. Tokuyama introduced "implicit computational geometry", in which the geometric objects are…