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Deep Belief Network (DBN) has a deep architecture that represents multiple features of input patterns hierarchically with the pre-trained Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM). A traditional RBM or DBN model cannot change its network…
Pre-training is crucial for learning deep neural networks. Most of existing pre-training methods train simple models (e.g., restricted Boltzmann machines) and then stack them layer by layer to form the deep structure. This layer-wise…
We developed an adaptive structure learning method of Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) which can generate/annihilate neurons by self-organizing learning method according to input patterns. Moreover, the adaptive Deep Belief Network (DBN)…
We introduce a new method for training deep Boltzmann machines jointly. Prior methods of training DBMs require an initial learning pass that trains the model greedily, one layer at a time, or do not perform well on classification tasks. In…
Developing Intelligent Systems involves artificial intelligence approaches including artificial neural networks. Here, we present a tutorial of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), and some insights about the origin of the term "deep"; references…
In this paper, we applied a novel learning algorithm, namely, Deep Belief Networks (DBN) to word sense disambiguation (WSD). DBN is a probabilistic generative model composed of multiple layers of hidden units. DBN uses Restricted Boltzmann…
We present a new Deep Dictionary Learning and Coding Network (DDLCN) for image recognition tasks with limited data. The proposed DDLCN has most of the standard deep learning layers (e.g., input/output, pooling, fully connected, etc.), but…
This work proposes a new framework for deep learning that has been particularly tailored for hyperspectral image classification. We learn multiple levels of dictionaries in a robust fashion. The last layer is discriminative that learns a…
In this paper, we propose a novel Deep Micro-Dictionary Learning and Coding Network (DDLCN). DDLCN has most of the standard deep learning layers (pooling, fully, connected, input/output, etc.) but the main difference is that the fundamental…
Deep Learning has the hierarchical network architecture to represent the complicated features of input patterns. Such architecture is well known to represent higher learning capability compared with some conventional models if the best set…
This report describes the difficulties of training neural networks and in particular deep neural networks. It then provides a literature review of training methods for deep neural networks, with a focus on pre-training. It focuses on Deep…
Deep learning methods have shown great promise in many practical applications, ranging from speech recognition, visual object recognition, to text processing. However, most of the current deep learning methods suffer from scalability…
Deep Learning has a hierarchical network architecture to represent the complicated feature of input patterns. The adaptive structural learning method of Deep Belief Network (DBN) has been developed. The method can discover an optimal number…
Deep learning forms a hierarchical network structure for representation of multiple input features. The adaptive structural learning method of Deep Belief Network (DBN) can realize a high classification capability while searching the…
Deep neural networks are widely used for classification. These deep models often suffer from a lack of interpretability -- they are particularly difficult to understand because of their non-linear nature. As a result, neural networks are…
Deep learning methods have predominantly been applied to large artificial neural networks. Despite their state-of-the-art performance, these large networks typically do not generalize well to datasets with limited sample sizes. In this…
Building a good generative model for image has long been an important topic in computer vision and machine learning. Restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) is one of such models that is simple but powerful. However, its restricted form also has…
Deep learning builds deep architectures such as multi-layered artificial neural networks to effectively represent multiple features of input patterns. The adaptive structural learning method of Deep Belief Network (DBN) can realize a high…
Deep neural networks (DNN) are black box algorithms. They are trained using a gradient descent back propagation technique which trains weights in each layer for the sole goal of minimizing training error. Hence, the resulting weights cannot…
Deep learning has revolutionized the computer vision and image classification domains. In this context Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) based architectures are the most widely applied models. In this article, we introduced two…