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The register function (or Horton-Strahler number) of a binary tree is a well-known combinatorial parameter. We study a reduction procedure for binary trees which offers a new interpretation for the register function as the maximal number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-12 Benjamin Hackl , Clemens Heuberger , Helmut Prodinger

The Horton-Strahler number -- also called the register function -- is a combinatorial tool that quantifies the branching complexity of a rooted tree. We study the law of the Horton-Strahler number of stable Galton-Watson trees conditioned…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-10 Robin Khanfir

The Horton-Strahler number of a tree is a measure of its branching complexity; it is also known in the literature as the register function. We show that for critical Galton-Watson trees with finite variance conditioned to be of size $n$,…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-04 Anna M. Brandenberger , Luc Devroye , Tommy Reddad

The Horton-Strahler number, also known as the register function, provides a tool for quantifying the branching complexity of a rooted tree. We consider the Horton-Strahler number of critical Galton-Watson trees conditioned to have size $n$…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-22 Robin Khanfir

Asymptotic analysis on some statistical properties of the random binary-tree model is developed. We quantify a hierarchical structure of branching patterns based on the Horton-Strahler analysis. We introduce a transformation of a binary…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-06-03 Ken Yamamoto , Yoshihiro Yamazaki

The Horton-Strahler analysis is a graph-theoretic method to measure the bifurcation complexity of branching patterns, by defining a number called the order to each branch. The main result of this paper is a large deviation theorem for the…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-04-02 Ken Yamamoto

The Horton-Strahler (HS) index $r=\max{(i,j)}+\delta_{i,j}$ has been shown to be relevant to a number of physical (such at diffusion limited aggregation) geological (river networks), biological (pulmonary arteries, blood vessels, various…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 Z. Toroczkai

In this paper we examine planted binary plane trees. First, we provide an exact formula for the number of planted binary trees with given Horton-Strahler orders. Then, using the notion of entropy, we examine the structural complexity of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Evgenia V. Chunikhina

Peca suggested in a recent paper on the arxiv to consider binary butterfly trees and their Horton-Strahler numbers. The trees are obtained by glueing two binary trees together in a special way; the results are again binary trees but with a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-22 Helmut Prodinger

The Horton-Strahler (HS) number, a classical measure of branching complexity arising in hydrology and register allocation, is studied for butterfly trees, a recursive family of binary trees generated by block-merging operations. These trees…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-21 John Peca-Medlin

A central limit theorem for binary tree is numerically examined. Two types of central limit theorem for higher-order branches are formulated. A topological structure of a binary tree is expressed by a binary sequence, and the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2013-04-10 Ken Yamamoto , Yoshihiro Yamazaki

Hex-trees are identified as a particular instance of weighted unary-binary trees. The Horton-Strahler numbers of these objects are revisited, and, thanks to a substitution that is not immediately intuitive, explicit results are possible.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-24 Helmut Prodinger

Tree rotations (left and right) are basic local deformations allowing to transform between two unlabeled binary trees of the same size. Hence, there is a natural problem of practically finding such transformation path with low number of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-10-20 Jarek Duda

A compacted binary tree is a directed acyclic graph encoding a binary tree in which common subtrees are factored and shared, such that they are represented only once. We show that the number of compacted binary trees of size $n$ grows…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-04 Andrew Elvey Price , Wenjie Fang , Michael Wallner

The existence of greatest lower bounds in the imbalance order of path-length sequences of binary trees is seen to be a consequence of a joint monotonicity property of the greater and lower expension operations. Path length sequences that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-02 S. Foldes , R. Radeleczki

The Horton-Strahler number of a rooted tree $T$ is the height of the tallest complete binary tree that can be homeomorphically embedded in $T$. The number of full binary trees with $n$ internal vertices and Horton-Strahler number $s$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-06 Louigi Addario-Berry , Marie Albenque , Serte Donderwinkel , Robin Khanfir

Any function can be constructed using a hierarchy of simpler functions through compositions. Such a hierarchy can be characterized by a binary rooted tree. Each node of this tree is associated with a function which takes as inputs two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Roozbeh Farhoodi , Khashayar Filom , Ilenna Simone Jones , Konrad Paul Kording

Any Boolean function corresponds with a complete full binary decision tree. This tree can in turn be represented in a maximally compact form as a direct acyclic graph where common subtrees are factored and shared, keeping only one copy of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Julien Clément , Antoine Genitrini

Decision tree and random forest classification and regression are some of the most widely used in machine learning approaches. Binary decision tree implementations commonly use conditioning in the form 'feature $\leq$ (or $<$) threshold',…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Gábor Timár , György Kovács

We propose a tree-based algorithm for classification and regression problems in the context of functional data analysis, which allows to leverage representation learning and multiple splitting rules at the node level, reducing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-03 Edoardo Belli , Simone Vantini
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